Abstract
The long-term performance degradation of five different types of commercial crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) modules (one sample for each type) in the tropics, or more specifically the tropical rainforest climate “Af” by the Koppen climate classification (Singapore), is investigated over a period of seven years, based on outdoor I–V measurements at 10-s intervals. The degradation rates of these c-Si PV modules, based on the temperature-corrected performance ratio, range from –0.03 to –0.47%/year, which satisfy the products’ performance warranty. Further analysis of the short-circuit current ( I sc), open-circuit voltage, and fill factor for these modules shows that the performance degradation is mainly attributed to the I sc loss. The possible causes of the module performance deterioration are also discussed.
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