Analysis of the institutional capabilities of the Guatemalan Ministry of Health: democratic constraint, defunding, reforms, and model of care

Abstract

Guatemala is one of the Latin American countries with the greatest inequalities in access to health services, especially in primary health care. Multiple reforms have been proposed to solve accessibility problems but did not achieve the expected success, either for being isolated experiments or due to their interrupted implementation. Other associated factors are yet unknown, given the absence of a consolidated evaluation over time. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the gaps that affect the institutional environment of the Guatemalan Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance (MSPAS, acronym in Spanish). The theoretical framework of analysis of Institutional Capabilities was used to point out the main challenges to be faced by the institution in its macro- and micro-institutional environment. It is argued that the low institutional capability caused by the structural adequacy processes weakens the response capacity of the MSPAS to guarantee the right to health, which was evidenced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Guatemala's macro-institutional environment limits the development of institutional capabilities due to the lack of a consolidated democratic tradition. Moreover, the State holds a poor capacity given the lack of a clear direction regarding its objectives, the lack of funding, and the biomedical-hegemonic approach of the care model that limits action from a health promotion approach. This article demonstrated the existence of limitations to the development of institutional capabilities and the importance of strengthening the field of health policies, planning, and management.