Abstract
In the trend of global warming and urbanization, frequent extreme weather influences the life of citizens seriously. Shanghai, as a typical mega-city in China that has been successful in urbanization, suffers seriously from the urban heat island (UHI) effect. The research concentrates on the spatial and temporal pattern of surface UHI and land use. Then, the relation between them are further discussed. The results show that for the last 15 years, the UHI effect of Shanghai has been increasing continuously in both intensity and area. The UHI extends from the city center toward the suburban area. Along with the year, the ratio in area of Agricultural Land (AL), Wetland (WL), and Bare Land (BL) has decreased. On the contrary, Construction Land (CL) and Green Land (GL) have increased. The average land surface temperature (LST) rankings for each research year from high to low were all CL, BL, GL, AL, and WL. CL contributed the most to the UHI effect, while WL and GL contributed the most to mitigate the UHI. The conclusion provides practical advice aimed to mitigate the UHI effect for urban planning authorities.
Highlights
A deteriorating urban thermal environment is led by continuous urbanization and causes serial ecological consequences like expediting of photochemical smog [1,2] and extra energy consumption [3,4,5,6]
It is proven that land surface temperature (LST) is significantly correlated with the fractional cover of vegetation (FV) and impervious surface area (ISA), which means that the spatial distribution of LST in regional scale can be explained by the variation of the two factors [21]
It was concluded that LST is positively correlated with the normalized difference building index (NDBI), while negatively correlated with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the normalized difference water index (NDWI) [22,23]
Summary
A deteriorating urban thermal environment is led by continuous urbanization and causes serial ecological consequences like expediting of photochemical smog [1,2] and extra energy consumption [3,4,5,6] This threatens the health and life of citizens such as heat stroke and cardiac arrest [7,8], the research on the urban heat island (UHI) effect and its impact factors has become one of the focuses in recent decades [9,10,11], especially for mega-cities like Shanghai, China. More quantitative study still needs to be carried out to better describe the relationship between LST and land use This will benefit the solutions to a variety of problems related to urban climate change and its interaction with humans [24]
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