Abstract
Three dimensional (3D) copper metal organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) containing glutarates and bipyridyl ligands (bpa = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, bpe = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, or bpp = 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane) were synthesized by using previously reported hydrothermal reactions or a layering method. All three Cu-MOFs contained well-defined one dimensional (1D) channels with very similar pore shapes and different pore dimensions. The bulk purities of the Cu-MOFs were confirmed using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) spectra. When the three types of Cu-MOFs were applied to Candida albicans cells and Aspergillus niger spores, an average of about 50–80% inactivation was observed at the highest concentration of Cu-MOFs (2 mg mL−1). The efficiency of the fungal inactivation was not significantly different among the three different types (bpa, bpe, bpp). Treatment of the fungi using Cu-MOFs induced an apoptosis-like death and this was more severe in A. niger than C. albicans. This may be due to elevation of the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A. niger. Generation of the reactive species in solution by Cu-MOFs was observed. However, there was a dramatic variation in the levels observed among the three types. Our results suggest that Cu-MOFs can produce antifungal effects and induce apoptosis-like death of the fungi, which was probably caused by the elevated level of intracellular reactive species.
Highlights
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and coordination polymers (CPs) have attracted considerable interest in coordination and materials chemistry,1 and well-known applications of metal organic framework (MOF) include gas sorption and separation,2 catalysis,3 luminescence sensing,4 and biomedical usage.5 These MOFs can be used as bioactive framework materials (BioMOFs)5,6 and they have received considerable attention for the development of novel and efficient antimicrobial agents
Water-stable Cu-BTC (1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) metal organic framework (MOF) can inhibit the rate of growth of C. albicans,8 and another Cu-based HKUST-1 MOF can inactivate Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the antifungal property of which is a result of CuII ions that are released from its structure
As the antimicrobial activity of MOFs is known to be attributed to the free metals and organic ligands released from the framework,19 we investigated whether free Cu2+ and glutarate released from a MOF (Fig. 3) can produce an antifungal effect
Summary
Water-stable Cu-BTC (1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) metal organic framework (MOF) can inhibit the rate of growth of C. albicans, and another Cu-based HKUST-1 MOF can inactivate Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the antifungal property of which is a result of CuII ions that are released from its structure. A Cobased MOF (Co-TDM, TDM8À 1⁄4 [(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)oxamethyl]methane), was shown to be highly effective at inactivating E. coli.. Water-stable Cu-BTC (1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) metal organic framework (MOF) can inhibit the rate of growth of C. albicans, and another Cu-based HKUST-1 MOF can inactivate Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the antifungal property of which is a result of CuII ions that are released from its structure.. CoII-coordination polymers (Co-CPs) containing glutarates and bipyridyl ligands (bpa 1⁄4 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, bpe 1⁄4 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, or bpp 1⁄4 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl) propane) have been prepared.. As an extension of our previous work, we tested the antifungal properties of Cu-MOFs, with the same glutarate and bipyridyl ligand system (Scheme 1), against C. albicans and A. niger. Scheme 1 Chemical structures of glutaric acid, bpa, bpe, and bpp ligands. These Cu-MOFs showed excellent antibacterial activities against the ve types of bacteria tested, including both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), with very low MBCs (minimal bactericidal concentrations).. Different pore dimensions and void volumes. These Cu-MOFs showed excellent antibacterial activities against the ve types of bacteria tested, including both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), with very low MBCs (minimal bactericidal concentrations). The antifungal properties of the Cu-MOFs can be comparable to those of the Co-CPs containing the same ligand system
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