Analysis of the Effect of Biodiesel Energy Policy on Markets, Trade and Food Safety in the International Context for Sustainable Development

Biofuels have been increasing in popularity, since they are promising substitutes for fossil fuels and are expected to contribute to reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, the production of biofuels is a means of alleviating poverty and developing both rural and agricultural areas. However, many researchers and institutions, such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OCED) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), voice scientific scepticism about the expected contributions of biofuel use. They also stress that the production and use of biofuels will lead to deforestation, water supply contamination and water depletion. The production and use of biofuels will have enormous impacts on the environment, the economy and the society. Clearly, these impacts are multitiered and complex. Therefore, strategies for biofuel use must be established through comprehensive analyses and scientific evaluations, with consideration given to complex socioeconomic issues, in order to achieve global sustainability. It is also important to consider that optimum solutions among boundary levels, such as global, regional and national levels, may vary and that these strategies must be coordinated in order to meet the demands of different optimum solutions. From this perspective, an interdisciplinary and integrated approach is best. However, many studies on biofuel, including those in the natural and social science fields, fail to use this type of approach. The aim of the present research is to comprehensively analyse the use of biofuels at global, regional and national levels using the sustainability science approach and attempt to assess biofuel use strategies from an interdisciplinary perspective. Sustainability science is a new academic area that addresses complicated issues, such as biofuel production and use, by restructuring problems and then proposing policy options.

Cinnamon is one of Indonesia's leading export spice commodities. The United States (US) is the strongest importer country of Indonesian cinnamon. However, since 2013 the volume of Indonesian cinnamon exports to the US has decreased. If this decline continues, it could shift Indonesia's position in the cinnamon export market. This research aims to provide an overview of and analyze the influence of export prices, GDP, production, and exchange rate on Indonesia’s cinnamon exports to the US from 1990 to 2022. The data used are from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Bank, and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). This research uses descriptive analysis with graphical analysis and inference analysis with the Error Correction Model (ECM). The results showed that in the long term, decreasing export prices can increase demand for cinnamon exports from the US. In the short term, large production that does not meet the quality standards can reduce cinnamon exports. The increase in US people's income and the strengthening of Rupiah can increase the volume of Indonesian cinnamon exports to the US in both the long and short term.

Recent developments in global food production, processing, distribution, and preparation are catalyzing research in food safety and foodborne disease to provide a safer global food supply. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes food safety as an essential public health function and argues that the availability of safe food improves the health of people and is a basic human right. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), like the WHO, provides advice and direction, from a food and agriculture perspective, that establishes priorities for genetically modified organism (GMOs) within current agricultural research needs and policies. Codex, created in 1963 by the FAO and WHO, develops food standards, guidelines, and codes of practice for protecting consumer health, ensuring fair trade practices, and promoting coordination of international food standards work. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) focuses on the economic, social, and governance challenges and opportunities presented by globalization.Keywords: Codex Alimentarius; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); food safety; foodborne disease; genetically modified organism (GMOs); OECD

Modification of the current MRLs for acetamiprid in flowering brassica and figs.

EFSA JournalVolume 9, Issue 5 2195 Reasoned OpinionOpen Access Modification of the existing MRL for flusilazole in tea European Food Safety Authority, European Food Safety AuthoritySearch for more papers by this author European Food Safety Authority, European Food Safety AuthoritySearch for more papers by this author First published: 30 May 2011 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2195Citations: 1 Correspondence: praper.mrl@efsa.europa.eu Approval date: 28 May 2011 Published date: 30 May 2011 Question number: EFSA-Q-2010-01475 On request from: European Commission AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Anastassiades M, Lehotay SJ, Stajnbaher D, Schenck FJ, 2003. Fast and Easy Mutliresidue Method Employing Acetonitrile Extraction/Partitioning and Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Produce. Journal of AOAC International, 86, 22, 412– 431. CEN (European Committee for Standardization), 2008. Foods of plant origin - Determination of pesticide residues using GC-MS and/or LC-MS/MS following acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and clean-up by dispersive SPE. QuEChERS-method. EN EN 15662.2008. November 2008. EC (European Commission), 1996. Appendix G. Livestock Feeding Studies. 7031/VI/95 rev.4. Available from: ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm. EC (European Commission), 1997a. Appendix A. Metabolism and distribution in plants. 7028/IV/95-rev.3. Available from: ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm EC (European Commission), 1997b. Appendix B. General recommendations for the design, preparation and realization of residue trials. Annex 2. Classification of (minor) crops not listed in the Appendix of Council Directive 90/642/EEC. 7029/VI/95-rev.6. Available from: ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm EC (European Commission), 1997c. Appendix C. Testing of plant protection products in rotational crops. 7524/VI/95-rev.2. Available from: ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm EC (European Commission), 1997d. Appendix E. Processing studies. 7035/VI/95-rev.5. Available from: ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm EC (European Commission), 1997e. Appendix F. Metabolism and distribution in domestic animals. 7030/VI/95-rev. 3. Available from: ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm EC (European Commission), 1997f. Appendix H. Storage stability of residue samples. 7032/VI/95-rev.5. Available from: ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm EC (European Commission), 1997g. Appendix I. Calculation of maximum residue level and safety intervals. 7039/VI/95. As amended by the document: classes to be used for the setting of EU pesticide maximum residue levels (MRLs). SANCO 10634/2010. Available from: ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm EC (European Commission), 2000. Residue analytical methods. For pre-registration data requirement for Annex II (part A, section 4) and Annex III (part A, section 5 of Directive 91/414. SANCO/3029/99-rev.4. Available from: ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm EC (European Commission), 2004. Residue analytical methods. For post-registration control. SANCO/825/00-rev.7. Available from: ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm EC (European Commission), 2008. Appendix D. Guidelines on comparability, extrapolation, group tolerances and data requirements for setting MRLs. 7525/VI/95-rev.8. Available from: ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm EC (European Commission), 2010. Classes to be used for the setting of EU pesticide Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). SANCO 10634/2010 Rev. 0, finalized in the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health at its meeting of 23–24 March 2010. EC (European Commission), 2007. Review report for the active substance flusilazole. Finalised in the Standing Committee on Plant Health at its meeting on 3 March 2006 in view of the inclusion of flusilazole in Annex I of Council Directive 91/414/EEC. SANCO/6850/VI/97-final, 5 January 2007, 24 pp. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2008. Pesticide residues in food- 2007. Evaluations. Part I - Residues. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 192. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2009. Submission and evaluation of pesticide residues data for the estimation of Maximum Residue Levels in food and feed. Pesticide Residues. 2nd Ed. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 197, 264 pp. Ireland, 1996. Draft assessment report on the active substance flusilazole prepared by the rapporteur Member State Ireland in the framework of Council Directive 91/414/EEC, July 1996. Ireland, 2000. Addendum to the draft assessment report on the active substance flusilazole prepared by the rapporteur Member State Ireland in the framework of Council Directive 91/414/EEC, October 2000. Ireland, 2010. Evaluation report on the modification of MRLfor flusilazole in tea prepared by the evaluating Member State Ireland under Article 8 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, November 2010, 19 pp. Meier U, 2001. Growth Stages of mono- and dicotyledonous plants. BBCH Monograph, 2nd Ed., Federal Biological Research Centre of Agriculture and Forest. Braunschweig, Germany. Available from: www.jki.bund.de/fileadmin/dam_uploads/_veroeff/bbch/BBCH-Skala_englisch.pdf OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2007. Test No 504: Residues in rotational crops (limited field studies). In: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5: Other Test Guidelines. OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2008. Test No 508: Magnitude of pesticide residues in processed commodities. In. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5: Other Test Guidelines. Citing Literature Volume9, Issue5May 20112195 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Measurements of total support or assistance to agriculture using the Producer Subsidy Equivalent (PSE) have become a standard tool of policy analysts in the last decade. From its initial use by Josling at the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Josling, FAO), the PSE grew in popularity in parallel with the GATT Uruguay Round agricultural trade negotiations. Failure in previous GATT rounds to bring agriculture adequately within GATT rules and disciplines had been attributed in particular to difficulties in capturing the effects of the multiplicity of domestic measures and nontariff barriers to trade in agricultural products (Grogan, pp. 297-306). A common yardstick capturing the effects of all these policy measures was needed. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) developed the methodology and applied it progressively to all OECD countries and recently to economies in transition (see OECD 1994, 1995c, and 1995d).

In both the United States and the European Union the fundamental concept for the food and environmental safety assessment of products derived from modern biotechnology is the concept of substantial equivalence, where the novel product is compared to a closely related product that has an accepted standard of safety. The concept was initially introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (WHO, 1991). In 1992, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) elaborated the underlying concept and introduced the term “substantial equivalence” (OECD, 1993). The application of substantial equivalence has since been reinforced by international expert bodies (WHO, 1995; FAO, 1996) and has been adopted by regulatory authorities in most countries.

The Agricultural Outlook is prepared jointly by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The main purpose of the report is the attempt to build consensus on global prospects for the agriculture, fisheries and food sectors, and on emerging issues which affect them. Accordingly, the projections and assessments provided in the report are the result of close co-operation with national experts in OECD countries as well as some key non-OECD countries and agro-industry organisations, reflecting the combined knowledge and expertise of this wide group of collaborators. A jointly developed modelling system, based on the OECD's Aglink and FAO’s Cosimo models facilitates consistency and analysis of the projections.

Alþjóðastofnanir á borð við Efnahags- og framfarastofnunina (OECD), Sameinuðu þjóðirnar (SÞ), Alþjóðagjaldeyrissjóðinn (AGS) og Alþjóðabankann eru þekktar fyrir að standa að baki útbreiðslu hugmynda, gilda og stefnumála um heim allan. Á 10. áratugnum jókst áhugi fræðimanna á viðfangsefni sem kallað er hér stefnuyfirfærsla (e. policy transfer). Tilraunir fræðimanna fólust m.a. í því að setja ramma utan um nálgunina og skýra af hverju yfirfærsla á sér stað, við hvaða aðstæður, á hvaða stigi o.s.frv. Fátt hefur verið meira rannsakað innan stjórnsýslufræðanna undanfarna áratugi erlendis en viðfangsefnið hefur lítið borið á góma hér á landi. Þrátt fyrir mikinn áhuga á viðfangsefninu alþjóðlega hefur nálgunin verið gagnrýnd þar sem hún er m.a. talin vera of lýsandi og kenningarlega veik. Hafa ekki embættismenn og stjórnmálamenn stolið hugmyndum frá hvor öðrum í aldir? Í ár verður Efnahags- og framfarastofnunin (OECD) 60 ára. Ísland er eitt af stofnaðildarríkjunum og því kominn tími til að rýna þetta langa samstarf sem íslensk stjórnsýsla hefur átt við OECD. Tilgangur þessarar greinar er að fjalla um starfsemi OECD og meta áhrif hennar á íslenska stefnumótun. Í fyrsta hluta greinarinnar er annars vegar fjallað um forvera OECD sem var Efnahagssamvinnustofnun Evrópu (OEEC) og hvernig hún lagði grunninn að því hvernig OECD starfar í dag. Hins vegar er farið ítarlega yfir hlutverk og skipulag OECD og þær áskoranir sem stofnunin hefur staðið frammi fyrir á undanförnum áratugum. Í öðrum hluta er aðferðin stefnuyfirfærsla skoðuð nánar. Aðferðin er skilgreind auk þess sem fjallað er um helstu leikendur. Tilraun er gerð til að ramma inn helstu afbrigði stefnuyfirfærslna og rætt er um sjálfviljuga og þvingaða yfirfærslu. Að lokum er fjallað um þátttöku Íslands á vettvangi OECD. Til að meta að hvaða leyti íslensk stjórnvöld nýta sér afurðir OECD við stefnumótun hér á landi er stuðst við gögn úr árangurskönnunum stofnunarinnar.

EFSA Supporting PublicationsVolume 15, Issue 1 1366E Technical reportOpen Access Explanatory note on the selection of forage material suitable for the risk assessment of GM feed of plant origin European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this authorMichele Ardizzone, Michele ArdizzoneSearch for more papers by this authorClaudia Paoletti, Claudia PaolettiSearch for more papers by this authorElisabeth Waigmann, Elisabeth WaigmannSearch for more papers by this author European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this authorMichele Ardizzone, Michele ArdizzoneSearch for more papers by this authorClaudia Paoletti, Claudia PaolettiSearch for more papers by this authorElisabeth Waigmann, Elisabeth WaigmannSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 January 2018 https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1366Citations: 6 Requestor: EFSA Question number: EFSA-Q-2017-00614 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Allen VG, Batello C, Berretta EJ, Hodgson J, Kothmann M, Li X, McIvor J, Milne J,. Morris C,. Peeters A and Sanderson M, 2011. An international terminology for grazing lands and grazing animals. Grass and Forage Science, 66, 2– 28. EFSA GMO Panel (EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms), 2011. EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO); Scientific Opinion on Guidance for risk assessment of food and feed from genetically modified plants. EFSA Journal 2011; 9(5):2150, 37 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2150 U Meier (ed.), 2001. Growth stages of mono-and dicotyledonous plants, 2nd edition. BBCH Monograph. Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Bonn, Germany. McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan CA, Sinclair LA, Wilkinson RG, 7th ed., 2011. Animal Nutrition,. Pearson education limited. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2002a. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of sugar beet: key food and feed nutrients and anti-nutrients. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No. 3. ENV/JM/MONO(2002)4 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2002b. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of maize (Zea maize): key food and feed nutrients, anti-nutrients and secondary plant metabolites. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No 11. ENV/JM/MONO(2004)16. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2009. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense): key food and feed nutrients and anti-nutrients. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No 11. ENV/JM/MONO(2004)16. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2011. Revised consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of low erucic acid rapeseed (Canola): key food and feed nutrients, anti-nutrients and toxicants. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No. 24. ENV/JM/MONO (2011)55. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2012. Revised consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of soybean [Glycine max (L.) merr.]: Key food and feed nutrients, anti-nutrients, toxicants and allergens. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No. 25. ENV/JM/MONO(2012)24 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2015. Safety assessment of foods and feeds derived from transgenic crops, Volume 1, novel food and feed safety, OECD publishing, Paris. Citing Literature Volume15, Issue1January 20181366E ReferencesRelatedInformation

The article analyzes the factors that influence structural changes in the value chains of the national agro-food system. The analysis of the dynamic and structural functioning characteristics of the agro-food complex of Russia made it possible to assess the impact of the identified factors on the status of food security, the competitiveness of national producers, and the effectiveness of the state regulatory system. The positive dynamics of agricultural and food production have stabilized the situation on the national food market and increased the level of self-sufficiency in basic food products.The material and financial balance of the agro-food complex is justified as an important factor of its sustainable development in changing economic conditions. The authors have analyzed the causes of the mismatch of material and financial proportions in the agro-food complex of Russia and revealed a significant impact of the growth of world prices for agricultural raw materials and food products in 2020 on the formation of the material and financial balance proportions of intersectoral food chains. The uneven dynamics of prices in the agricultural sector, processing industries, and industries that produce means of production for the agro-food complex contributed to the violation of the parity of intersectoral relations in the food chains of the Russian agro-food complex.The assessment of the level of protection of national producers based on the indicators used by the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) and FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) allowed revealing a steady trend of declining support for agriculture in Russia, while the level of support for the agricultural sector in the USA and the European Union is constantly growing. This has an impact on the competitiveness of national producers, as well as trends in the modernization of the agro-food complex structure.The identified factors allow substantiating the short-term and long-term strategic priorities for the development of the Russian agro-food complex, ways to implement them taking into account national development goals, as well as opportunities for the full use of their competitive potential.

Examines the benefits of information and communication technology (ICT) in agriculture and rural areas, examining the challenges and providing recommendations. While the digital revolution has reached rural areas in many developing countries, the rural-urban digital divide remains, and rural women face a digital, rural, and gender divide. Bypassing social restrictions on mobility and traditional legal barriers to account ownership, new mobile finance services significantly boost women’s economic empowerment and entrepreneurship, allowing them to save and transfer money, process financial transactions, and receive credit. Development practitioners create an enabling environment in which appropriate mobile financial services prove widely available at a reasonable cost for providers and customers. Mobile learning expands rural learning opportunities, enabling communities to access educational resources, share information, and create content, both inside and outside classrooms. Mobile learning can help rural women improve skills and knowledge in agriculture, business, and nutrition vital to their livelihoods and the well-being of their families.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was established in 1960, succeeding the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC). Its mission is to promote sustainable economic growth, employment, and financial stability through cooperation and transparency among member countries. The OECD operates under a soft-law framework, utilizing non-binding instruments such as guidelines and peer reviews to influence policy and promote best practices. It consists of the Council, committees, and the Secretariat, which work iteratively to develop and implement policies. The OECD’s work spans diverse areas including taxation, trade, education, and environmental policies, contributing significantly to global economic integration. Its influence extends beyond its thirty-eight member countries through partnerships, global forums, and the inclusion of non-member countries in its activities. Despite challenges in maintaining relevance, the OECD continues to adapt to emerging global issues, emphasizing consensus-building and evidence-based policy recommendations.

Harmonisation of regulatory activities in plant protection

Oral diseases such as dental caries, edentulism (tooth loss), periodontal disease (PD), and oral cancer currently constitute an increased major public health burden across the globe, with significant differences between countries. One of the main drivers of caries, edentulism, and PD is the excessive intake of sugars. Here, we aimed to quantify the global sugar-related dental health and cost burden in the year 2010. This study used a health-econometrical model to calculate the disease burden as well as the direct and indirect costs attributable to the intake of free sugars (mono- and disaccharides [MDS]). To this end, several databases from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Bank were used. In total, the corresponding disease burden in 168 countries and economic burden in 31 OECD countries were quantified. In 2010, the consumption of MDS was associated with a global dental disease burden of 4.1 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; 95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 2.1 to 7.4 million DALYs), with 2.7 million DALYs from MDS-related caries and 1.4 million DALYs from PD. In terms of economic costs, MDS-related dental diseases were associated with a global financial burden of 172 billion US dollars (USD; 95% UI: 91 to 295 billion USD), the largest share of which (151 billion USD) was incurred in OECD countries. Overall, 26.3% (95% UI: 13.3% to 47.5%) of the total global oral disease burden was attributed to the consumption of MDS. The present study emphasizes the need to further address the role of free sugars in oral health and nutrition policy. Although the largest share of the economic burden was accounted for by OECD countries, emerging economies should address this challenge early on in national public health policies if they are to avoid disease and the prospect of increased cost burdens.