Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is one of the most pathogens to hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) as well as neurological complications in young children. Molecular characteristic of EV-A71 is important to prevent the virus outbreak. Here, the complete genomes of EV-A71 from China between 1998 and 2019 were downloaded from GenBank. The phylogenetic trees were developed by MEGA7.0 software, and the complete genetic epidemiological characteristics and amino acid mutations of EV-A71 from China were also analysed. The results showed that major epidemic EV-A71 subtype was C4b before 2004, while it turned to C4a after 2004 in mainland China, and C4 and B5 were major subtypes in Taiwan. VP1, VP4, 2C, 3C, 3D, and complete genome sequence can be used for virus genotyping, and VP1, VP4, and complete genomes have obvious advantages over other segments. There were many significant mutations in the viral complete genome sequence. This study indicated that the major C4 and B5 subtypes will contribute to the development of vaccines and drugs of EV-A71 for prevention and monitoring of EV-A71-associated HFMD in China.
Highlights
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease that manifests as mouth pain, anorexia, lowgrade fever, and small sores or ulcers on the hand, foot, and mouth
No significant regional or temporal differences were found among these groups. e virus strains in Taiwan were more scattered on the phylogenetic tree and dominated by C4 and B5 subtypes. e C4 subtypes were distributed from 2004 to 2011, while the B5 subtypes appeared after 2008
When typing with the complete genomes, we found that the full gene homology between the C4 subtype and the reference strains of the same subtype was 89.5% to 99.9%, while the homology between the C4 subtype and other reference sequences was 78.6% to 84.7%. e homology among the B5 subtype and the B5 subtype reference strains was 93.6% to 96.8%, and the homology among the B5 subtype and other subtype reference strains was 79.3% to 92.8%
Summary
Foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease that manifests as mouth pain, anorexia, lowgrade fever, and small sores or ulcers on the hand, foot, and mouth. Most patients recover spontaneously within a week, but a few cases can cause serious complications, such as myocarditis, pulmonary oedema, and aseptic meningoencephalitis [2]. More than 20 types of enterovirus can cause HFMD; coxsackievirus A16 (CoxA16) and enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) are the most common types among them [3]. EV-A71 was isolated from the AsiaPacific region as early as the late 1990s [7]. EVA71 outbreaks were continuously reported in China, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam [8]. From 2008 to 2015, there were more than 13 million HFMD patients in China and 577,087 laboratory-confirmed cases (57,248 severe cases including 2,308 deaths), of which 73.8% of the confirmed severe cases and 92.5% of the deaths were caused by EV71 infection [9, 10].
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