Abstract
Kidney transplantation (KT<sub>x</sub>) is the optimum therapy for end-stage renal diseases. However, long-term usage of immunosuppressive agents results in various toxicities and side effects, which has been a major obstacle for recipients. How to reduce the dosages of immunosuppressive agents has become a problem that desperately needs to be solved. Among potential methods, cell therapy has great potential, and regulatory dendritic cells (DC<sub>reg</sub>) have attracted special attention for their tolerogenic ability. Currently, some DC-based clinical trials are ongoing or have been completed at several research centers, including an immune tolerance trial in KT<sub>x</sub> named “The One Study”, in which autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and stimulated with low doses of GM-CSF or immunosuppressive agents. DC<sub>reg</sub> generated with different induction methods or from different cell sources may function in different ways in different organs.
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