Abstract
Grandstands are structures which are regularly subjected to dynamic loads generated by crowd motions. It is a dangerous situation when spectators induce rhythmic jumping, dancing, stamping, etc. If the synchronized movement of spectators excites a natural frequency of the structure, resonant response might occur. To avoid such situations, temporary steel grandstands are commonly strengthened using additional elements that create bracing system which is selected depending on the size of the structure, type of the event, acting load, etc. It was proved that not only the use but also the arrangement of such structural members is crucial for the dynamic structural resistance. The aim of the present study is to determine the most effective arrangement of bracing system for a typical example of the temporary steel grandstand which is exposed to dynamic load induced by spectators. Three different arrangements of bracing systems have been analysed using five criteria recommended in the literature. The results of the study clearly show that the dynamic parameters of the grandstand are substantially different for various types of bracing systems. The largest improvement in the structural behaviour has been obtained for the grandstand equipped with the bracing system satisfying all proposed criteria. The peak accelerations for this case have been found to be nearly twice as low as for structures with other bracing arrangements. The application of such a system for the grandstand which is exposed to human-induced vibrations allows for safe use of the structure as well as improves comfort of spectators.
Highlights
Excessive structural vibrations, due to different dynamic loads, are among the most serious and dangerous scenarios to occur in the case of civil engineering structures
If the synchronized movement of spectators excites a natural frequency of the grandstand, resonant response might occur, and this effect can be really fatal for the structure [5]
The aim of the analysis has been related to the determination of peak values of acceleration of the structure equipped with different bracing systems which is exposed to dynamic load due to jumping of spectators
Summary
Due to different dynamic loads, are among the most serious and dangerous scenarios to occur in the case of civil engineering structures (see [1,2,3] for example). Grandstands are structures which are regularly subjected to dynamic loads generated by crowd motions [4, 5] It is a dangerous situation when spectators induce rhythmic jumping, dancing, stamping, etc. If the synchronized movement of spectators excites a natural frequency of the grandstand, resonant response might occur, and this effect can be really fatal for the structure [5] To avoid such situations, temporary steel grandstands are very often strengthened using additional elements that create bracing system which is selected depending on the size of the structure, type of the event, acting load, etc. Temporary steel grandstands are very often strengthened using additional elements that create bracing system which is selected depending on the size of the structure, type of the event, acting load, etc. The dynamic transient analysis has been conducted for structures under human-induced vibrations
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