Abstract
The aim of the study was to characterise the multi-elemental composition and associations between a group of 32 elements and 16 rare earth elements collected by mycelium from growing substrates and accumulated in fruiting bodies of Macrolepiota procera from 16 sites from the lowland areas of Poland. The elements were quantified by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry using validated method. The correlation matrix obtained from a possible 48 × 16 data matrix has been used to examine if any association exits between 48 elements in mushrooms foraged from 16 sampling localizations by multivariate approach using principal component (PC) analysis. The model could explain up to 93% variability by eight factors for which an eigenvalue value was ≥1. Absolute values of the correlation coefficient were above 0.72 (significance at p < 0.05) for 43 elements. From a point of view by consumer, the absolute content of Cd, Hg, Pb in caps of M. procera collected from background (unpolluted) areas could be considered elevated while sporadic/occasional ingestion of this mushroom is considered safe. The multivariate functional analysis revealed on associated accumulation of many elements in this mushroom. M. procera seem to possess some features of a bio-indicative species for anthropogenic Pb but also for some geogenic metals.
Highlights
Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Sing., commonly known as Field Parasol, Parasol Mushroom or Shaggy Parasol, is a saprobe
Cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) are common constituents of M. procera and they occurred in caps at 2.1 ± 2.4 mg kg−1 db (Cd), 2.0 ± 0.5 mg kg−1 db (Hg) and 2.8 ± 1.4 mg kg−1 db (Pb) (Table 1)
If assume that Cd, Hg and Pb remain in the flesh of caps, when they are sautéed, roasted, fried in butter, grilled or roasted with eggs, a single mushroom dish (100 to 300 g) certainly will provide an elevated quantity of each heavy metal (0.021–0.063 mg of Cd per capita, 0.02– 0.06 mg Hg per capita and 0.028–0.084 mg Pb per capita)
Summary
Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Sing., commonly known as Field Parasol, Parasol Mushroom or Shaggy Parasol, is a saprobe. It is edible and widely collected in temperate regions and sub-tropical regions such as India, Thailand, China or Pakistan and across Europe (Kułdo et al 2014; Melgar et al 2016; Stefanović et al 2016a; Širić et al 2016; Xiaolan 2009). The pileus of M. procera are highly valued by locals This is because of the taste and aroma of the cooked fresh individuals—sautéed, roasted, fried in butter or grilled, roasted with eggs or stuffed and broiled. Blanching (parboiling) can decrease content of minerals in cooked mushrooms and pickling, while a fate of a particular element can be different and highly dependent on its chemical form, localization within cells and type of chemical bonds made (Drewnowska et al 2017a, 2017b; Falandysz and Drewnowska 2017)
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