Abstract
The impact of ZnO and TiO2 manufactured nanoparticles (MNPs) on soil bacterial communities for different exposure periods and MNP doses was explored via data visualization techniques. Interrelationships between MNP treatments and responses of bacterial taxa were illustrated by bipartite graphs, allowing fast identification of important soil bacterial taxa that are susceptible to MNPs. Contribution biplots with subcompositional coherence property were generated via log-ratio analysis (LRA), which jointly display the treatment distribution and the variance (contribution) of bacterial taxa. The LRA contribution biplots and nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) of the dataset, along with hierarchical clustering, demonstrated that high doses of ZnO and TiO2 MNPs caused significant compositional changes in soil bacterial communities. The suitability of family level for MNP taxonomic impact assessment was demonstrated by both the LRA biplots and simplified NMDSs with quantification provided by the distance correlation between MNP impacts summarized at different taxonomic levels. The present study demonstrates that visual exploration could potentially assist in knowledge discovery and interpretation of data on soil bacterial communities exposed to MNPs and thus evaluate the potential for environmental impacts.
Highlights
Manufactured nanoparticles (MNPs) are routinely used in numerous products and applications due to their novel functional properties that arise at the nanoscale [1,2]
In the bipartite graphs (Figures 2–7), the relative abundances of the soil bacterial taxa identified as treatment susceptible were re-closed, and averaged for the quadruplicate of each treatment
In the bipartite graphs (Figures 2–7), soil bacterial taxa identified as treatment susceptible are denoted by the bars on the right side, with the bar height proportional to their total relative abundance over the 15 treatments
Summary
Manufactured nanoparticles (MNPs) are routinely used in numerous products and applications due to their novel functional properties that arise at the nanoscale [1,2]. As the applications of MNPs rapidly expand [2,3], there is an increased public concern regarding the potential environmental and health risks associated with MNPs [4,5,6,7,8,9] throughout their. MNPs may be released to the environment as the result of a variety of human-related activities (air emissions and/or direct discharge to surface water, etc.), wherein they can move across environmental boundaries and are likely to be found in most media [13,14]. The presence of MNPs in the environment could lead to exposures of ecological receptors to MNPs via multiple pathways [13]. Various studies [18,19,20,21,22] have reported that MNPs could lead to adverse environmental impacts. Ag and Pt MNPs may interfere with zebrafish embryo hatching [23]; ZnO MNPs may cause compositional changes in soil bacterial communities [18,19]; quantum dots (QDs) were linked to DNA damage of both freshwater mussels and gills [24]; and carbon nanotubes have been found to induce harmful effects to various organs (such as aquatic animals, bacteria, and plants) [25]
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