Abstract
Normal-mode computations agree well with experimental sound propagation data observed in shallow water in the South China Sea. The sound-speed profile has negative gradients in the water over a structured silt bottom. Determining a sufficient set of modes can be aided by the relationships between certain fundamental parameters of ray and mode theory. Interference distance between adjacent modes and ray theory loop length can be equated through their phase velocity. The ray theory accuracy can be improved by a frequency correction [E. L. Murphy and J. A. Davis, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 1747–1760 (1974)], Mode attenuation loss over one loop length can be attributed to the loss at one bottom reflection. A bottom reflected phase shift can also be derived from mode theory. Optimum propagation occurs at the lowest frequency that permits a mode to attain maximum loop length.
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