Analysis of R,L,F,B systems of spatial vectorcardiography

Abstract

1. 1. Various systems of spatial vectorcardiography employing right arm ( R), left arm ( L), left leg ( F), and back electrode ( B) are studied for homogeneous, three-dimensional male and female torso models using an accurate unipolar measurement technique. 2. 2. Influence of dipole location on accuracy of determination of dipole components is emphasized. 3. 3. Quantitative data are presented for dipole locations representative of the range expected in human subjects. 4. 4. Quantitative analysis of various systems is presented in terms of equations, geometric representations, scalar leads, and vectorcardiograms. 5. 5. It is concluded that accurate results are unattainable in vectorcardiography, if dipole location is ignored. 6. 6. Various approaches for minimizing dipole location errors are discussed. 7. 7. While evidence exists in support of the quantitative applicability of these results for the normal QRS complex, its general applicability remains to be established.