Abstract
Channel waveguides fabricated by proton exchange in x-cut plates of LiNbO<sub>3</sub> have been examined using mode effective indices, secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Effective indices measured over a wavelength range from 480 to 1320nm, and inverted with a step index approximation, reveals the dispersion of the proton exchanged layer. The index step,4Lne, depends also on the (Cr) diffusion aperture width used to define the channel; the surface One for 3-5/Am wide channels are 5-10% less than for those lOpm and wider for wavelengths above 632nm. Common 5 minute exchange times at 249C in pure benzoic acid were used throughout. Corroborative evidence, using SIMS, shows reduced Li depletion in narrower guides. Finally, TEM analysis of thinned waveguide samples strongly suggest instabilities observed in proton exchanged waveguides is primarily due to dehydration.
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