Abstract
The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases worldwide amounted to 50 million at the beginning of November 2020. This is clearly not enough for the formation of herd immunity, which will prevent repeated outbreaks of the disease. Quarantine measures can only curb the spread of the disease to some extent, therefore specific preventive measures are needed to create collective immunity to COVID-19.The underlying principle of collective immunity is indirect protection of the whole of the population by immunising a certain part of it. Vaccination is the most effective approach to prevention of epidemic outbreaks. The aim of the study was to analyse promising approaches to the development of vaccines against novel coronavirus COVID-19 infection. The paper summarises data on development studies and clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines conducted in different countries. It analyses the pros and cons of different platforms for vaccine development (attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA and RNA vaccines, recombinant vector vaccines). The paper presents a potential design of novel vaccines. It was concluded that COVID-19 vaccines might be developed both for immunising high-risk groups and for mass immunisation. An optimal solution for the second task would be to develop human or monkey adenovirus vector-based vaccines whose mass production has already been unveiled.
Highlights
The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases worldwide amounted to 50 million at the beginning of November 2020
Quarantine measures can only curb the spread of the disease to some extent, specific preventive measures are needed to create collective immunity to COVID-19.The underlying principle of collective immunity is indirect protection of the whole of the population by immunising a certain part of it
The paper summarises data on development studies and clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines conducted in different countries
Summary
Количество вакцин, проходящих клинические исследования Number of vaccines in clinical trials 8. В частности, при проведении доклинических исследований вакцин против COVID-19 на низших приматах возможно проведение оценки безопасности и иммуногенности, но не защитной эффективности вакцины. Возможным (но не исчерпывающим) решением данной проблемы может быть использование при проведении доклинических исследований вакцин против COVID-19 иммунодефицитных белых мышей, инфицирование которых вирусом SARS-CoV-2 заканчивается гибелью животных, либо оценка эффективности по достоверному снижению уровня накопления вируса в органах-мишенях животных [7];. При этом необходимо иметь в виду, что данные вакцины могут быть предназначены как для иммунизации групп высокого риска, так и для проведения массовой иммунизации. Однако количество возможных путей создания вакцин нового поколения, включающих выбор платформы, выбор дизайна вакцины и способа ее получения, а также оценки предполагаемой эффективности вакцины при проведении доклинических исследований настолько велико, что каждую отдельную методику получения вакцины можно рассматривать в качестве самостоятельной научной разработки. Benefits and drawbacks of the technological platforms for COVID-19 vaccine development
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