Abstract
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can be used to increase storage and availability of groundwater resources, but water resources available for recharge are constrained due to a surface water shortage. Alternative resources, like stormwater, are receiving increasing attention as sustainable resources for reuse in MAR. However, pollutants in stormwater can impact groundwater quality, and cause clogging of the infiltration system. Based on the stormwater data in the literature, the physicochemical stormwater properties of data were analyzed. The results showed that concentrations of pollutants from different underlying surfaces varied widely. The main pollutants of stormwater were as follows: Total suspended particles (TSSs), organic matter represented by the chemical oxygen demand (COD), nutrients (total nitrogen, TN; total phosphorus, TP; and NH3-N), and metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe, and Mn). Based on the simulation of TOUGHREACT, the contamination risk of pollutants for each type of stormwater was assessed. The risk of contamination was divided into four categories due to the different migration times of ions through the sand column. The iron ion has the highest risk of contamination, followed by Zn and Mn, and the contamination risk of nutrients and other metals (Pb, Cu, and Cd) are relatively low. Besides, the physical, biological, and chemical clogging risk were evaluated. The physical clogging potential of all types of stormwater is very high because of the high concentration of TSS. According to the concentration of TN that can spur the growth of bacteria and algae, the relative risk of biological clogging for stormwater is greenbelt stormwater < road stormwater < roof stormwater. However, only road stormwater has high chemical clogging due to the existence of iron, which can generate precipitation that blocks the pore volume.
Highlights
With the booming of the population and economy, global urbanization has accelerated, especially in developing countries
The urban stormwater data used in this study were mainly collected from the literature, especially from studies that tested a variety of substances
In order to facilitate the analysis of water quality data, on the basis of the literature collection, these indicators, which were tested more frequently, were classified and summarized
Summary
With the booming of the population and economy, global urbanization has accelerated, especially in developing countries. The world’s population in urban areas has increased from 1332 million in 1970 to 3495 million in 2010, with an annual growth rate of 2.4% [1]. In China, the urbanization rate increased from 10.64% in 1949 to 52.57% in 2012, with an annual growth rate of 2.6% [2]. Due to rapid urbanization processes, impervious surfaces are continually spreading, and this leads to an increase in the runoff water volume and water quality degradation. The highest percentage of land surface in urban areas is covered by rooftops and pavement. Rapid urbanization has triggered a series of hydrological effects [3]. As the groundwater supply decreases, the problem of groundwater over-exploitation becomes increasingly widespread [4]
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