Abstract
The system response can be represented graphically by the locus of x(t) versus x(t), that is, parametrized in t. The pair {x(t), x(t)} corresponds to the coordinates of a point in the so-called phase plane (PP). As time varies in the interval t ∈ [0, ∞[, this point describes a PP trajectory. A family of PP trajectories is called a phase portrait. By means of the PP technique, we can analyze the time response of linear and nonlinear second-order systems to general input functions.
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