Analysis of microcystins in alum water treatment sludges: holding times, temperatures, linearity of response, and sensitivity to pre-coagulation cell titers

Abstract

ABSTRACT ELISA assays are a potential tool to screen for dissolved or cell bound microcystins in drinking water treatment sludges. In order to evaluate this potential more thoroughly, experiments were performed in alum sludges to: (1) evaluate the impacts of sample storage times, temperatures, and sludge composition on spiked microcystin-LR recovery by ELISA; (2) examine the linearity of ELISA responses to spiked microcystin-LR as a function of sludge composition; and (3) examine the sensitivity ELISA and LC/MS/MS to five different concentrations of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria entrained in sludges of two different compositions. During storage experiments, microcystin recovery efficiencies ranged from 85% to 125% across the range of 12 storage time and temperature combinations with recovery efficiencies in 7 of the 12 combinations falling into the 90% to 110% range. During the linearity experiments, linear models fit ELISA responses in all sludge compositions with R2 values ≥ 0.95. During the sensitivity studies, simple freeze/thaw/centrifugation processing combined with ELISA or LC/MS/MS analyses resulted in detection of microcystins in thickened sludges derived from pre-coagulation cell suspensions of 102–106 cells/mL. In addition, the relationships between toxin concentrations in sludges and the original cell titers were linear regardless of analytical method.