Analysis of malondialdehyde in human plasma samples through derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine by ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction-GC-FID approach

Abstract

A sensitive and reliable ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) procedure was developed and validated for extraction and analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an important lipids-peroxidation biomarker in human plasma. In this methodology, to achieve an applicable extraction procedure, the whole optimization processes were performed in human plasma. To convert MDA into readily extractable species, it was derivatized to hydrazone structure-base by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) at 40 °C within 60 min. Influences of experimental variables on the extraction process including type and volume of extraction and disperser solvents, amount of derivatization agent, temperature, pH, ionic strength, sonication and centrifugation times were evaluated. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the enhancement factor and extraction recovery were 79.8 and 95.8%, respectively. The analytical signal linearly (R2 = 0.9988) responded over a concentration range of 5.00–4000 ng mL−1 with a limit of detection of 0.75 ng mL−1 (S/N = 3) in the plasma sample. To validate the developed procedure, the recommend guidelines of Food and Drug Administration for bioanalytical analysis have been employed.