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Abstract
In this study, we explore the behaviour of intracellular magnesium during bone phenotype modulation in a 3D cell model built to mimic osteogenesis. In addition, we measured the amount of magnesium in the mineral depositions generated during osteogenic induction. A two-fold increase of intracellular magnesium content was found, both at three and seven days from the induction of differentiation. By X-ray microscopy, we characterized the morphology and chemical composition of the mineral depositions secreted by 3D cultured differentiated cells finding a marked co-localization of Mg with P at seven days of differentiation. This is the first experimental evidence on the presence of Mg in the mineral depositions generated during biomineralization, suggesting that Mg incorporation occurs during the bone forming process. In conclusion, this study on the one hand attests to an evident involvement of Mg in the process of cell differentiation, and, on the other hand, indicates that its multifaceted role needs further investigation.
Highlights
Accounting for 95% of its total, collagen is the major component of the organic matrix of bone tissue, the remaining 5% being proteoglycans and other non-collagenous proteins crucial in bone metabolism, such as osteocalcin, osteonectin, and osteopontin [1]
SaOS2 cells were grown on board of collagen scaffolds and counted at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days to monitor cell proliferation (Figure 1)
We demonstrated that magnesium deprivation accelerates the osteoRgeenciecndtilffye,rewnteiartieopnoorftheudmtahnabtohniegmhaerrxotwra-d-ceerilvluedlamr eMsegnclheyvmeallsspteomtecneltlisa[t3e1]o. steoclastic diffeInretnhitsiasttuiodny, wweheixlepldoerecdrethaesebeohsatveioobulraosftoingtreanceelsliusl.aAr mpalganuessiibumle dhuyrpinogththeesiesarilsytphhaatsMe ogf omstiegohgetnriecpdriffoegrreanmtiatciohnoilnecaa3lDcicfeelrlomlo(dveiltabmuilitntoDm3i)maicctoisvteitoygeonnesbiso, nanedrweme cohdeceklelidntgh,ecparuesseinncge aanndumTnhebaeas3ulDarencdcetlelhdme aaomcdteoilvuwnatatisoofbnmuioaltgfenomessptiuelomoyciilnnagsthotsestmaeonibndlearosatsl-tldiekeoepboSlsaaiOtsiotSsn2s[c1oe9lfls]p.hgOeronnwottnyhpoeenocbotomhaermdritohtfeadcnocdlela,llgwse. ne saclasffoolddseamndotnrseatrteadtewdiththanatostmeogaegnnicescioucmktail.dTehpersievacetlilosnhavaecacemleartuarteesostethobelasot sptheeongoetynpiec differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells [31]
Summary
Accounting for 95% of its total, collagen is the major component of the organic matrix of bone tissue, the remaining 5% being proteoglycans and other non-collagenous proteins crucial in bone metabolism, such as osteocalcin, osteonectin, and osteopontin [1]. The mineral component of bone tissue is mainly represented by hydroxyapatite (HA), whose composition is prevalently calcium and phosphate, together with a small fraction of carbonates and other cation species [2]. Among the latter, magnesium plays an important role. SaOS2 cells, a human osteosarcoma cell line, were selected for this investigation as they are credited for being a suitable in vitro model for studying the transition of human osteoblasts to osteocytes [12,13,14]. A morphological characterization of samples was obtained by X-ray computed micro-tomography (μCT) techniques allowing to observe, by a non-destructive method, the distribution of extracellular mineral depositions, and their shape and size within the sample volume
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