Abstract
BackgroundTraditional toxicological studies focus on individual compounds. However, this single-compound approach neglects the fact that the mixture exposed to human may act additively or synergistically to induce greater toxicity than the single compounds exposure due to their similarities in the mode of action and targets. Mixture effects can occur even when all mixture components are present at levels that individually do not produce observable effects. So the individual chemical effect thresholds do not necessarily protect against combination effects, an understanding of the rules governing the interactive effects in mixtures is needed. The aim of the study was to test and analyze the individual and combined estrogenic effects of a mixture of three endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) in immature rats with mathematical models.MethodIn the present study, the data of individual estrogenic effects of BPA, NP and DES were obtained in uterotrophic bioassay respectively, the reference points for BPA, NP and DES were derived from the dose-response ralationship by using the traditional no observed adverse effect (NOAEL) or lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) methods, and the benchmark dose (BMD) method. Then LOAEL values and the benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL10) of single EDCs as the dose design basis for the study of the combined action pattern. Mixed prediction models, the 3 × 2 factorial design model and the concentration addition (CA) model, were employed to analyze the combined estrogenic effect of the three EDCs.ResultsFrom the dose-response relationship of estrogenic effects of BPA, NP and DES in the model of the prepuberty rats, the BMDL10(NOAEL) of the estrogenic effects of BPA, NP and DES were 90(120) mg/kg body weight, 6 mg/kg body weight and 0.10(0.25) μg/kg body weight, and the LOAEL of the the estrogenic effects of three EDCs were 240 mg/kg body weight, 15 mg/kg body weight and 0.50 μg/kg body weight, respectively. At BMDL10 doses based on the CA concept and the factorial analysis, the mode of combined effects of the three EDCs were dose addition. Mixtures in LOAEL doses, NP and DES combined effects on rat uterine/body weight ratio indicates antagonistic based on the CA concept but additive based on the factorial analysis. Combined effects of other mixtures are all additive by using the two models.ConclusionOur results showed that CA model provide more accurate results than the factorial analysis, the mode of combined effects of the three EDCs were dose addition, except mixtures in LOAEL doses, NP and DES combined effects indicates antagonistic effects based on the CA model but additive based on the factorial analysis. In particular, BPA and NP produced combination effects that are larger than the effect of each mixture component applied separately at BMDL doses, which show that additivity is important in the assessment of chemicals with estrogenic effects. The use of BMDL as point of departure in risk assessment may lead to underestimation of risk, and a more balanced approach should be considered in risk assessment.
Highlights
Traditional toxicological studies focus on individual compounds
Our results showed that concentration addition (CA) model provide more accurate results than the factorial analysis, the mode of combined effects of the three Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) were dose addition, except mixtures in lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) doses, NP and DES combined effects indicates antagonistic effects based on the CA model but additive based on the factorial analysis
bisphenol A (BPA) and NP produced combination effects that are larger than the effect of each mixture component applied separately at Benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) doses, which show that additivity is important in the assessment of chemicals with estrogenic effects
Summary
Traditional toxicological studies focus on individual compounds This single-compound approach neglects the fact that the mixture exposed to human may act additively or synergistically to induce greater toxicity than the single compounds exposure due to their similarities in the mode of action and targets. Traditional toxicological studies focus on individual compounds [5] In general, the exposure level of a single EDC is low and, so far, has not been shown to contribute to adverse human effects [6, 7] This single-compound approach neglects the fact that the mixture of EDCs exposed to human may act additively or synergistically to induce greater toxicity than the single EDCs exposure due to their similarities in the mode of action and targets [8]. The traditional focus of risk assessment on single chemical is shifting toward considering combination effects of mixture chemicals [10], the individual chemical effect thresholds do not necessarily protect against combination effects [11], an understanding of the rules governing the interactive effects in mixtures is needed [12]
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