Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Zearalenone (ZEA) are widespread mycotoxins that contaminate foodstuffs simultaneously, but sufficient data regarding their mixed toxicities are lacking. This study aims to analyze the style of combined effects of OTA and ZEA on cells of their target organs. For this purpose, cytotoxicity was determined in HepG2 and KK-1 cells treated with single and combined forms of OTA and ZEA. Furthermore, we have analyzed the data using two mathematical models based on the concepts of concentration addition (CA) and independent addition (IA). By analyzing data with nonlinear regression, toxins applied singly showed classic sigmoid dose-response curves in HepG2 cells whereas in KK-1 cells hormetic responses were observed. Exposure to equieffective mixtures of OTA and ZEA showed additive effects, irrespective of different nonlinear regression models used. Our results demonstrate that IA is an appropriate concept to account for mixture effects of OTA and ZEA. The results in ROS generation indicate a departure from additivity to antagonism or synergism at different concentrations, probably due to potential interaction during ROS production. This study shows that a risk assessment of mycotoxins should account for mixture effects, and prediction models are valuable tools for mixture assessment.
Highlights
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Zearalenone (ZEA) are mycotoxins that are naturally produced by fungi, and contaminate a large variety of agricultural products
The parameters fitted from the logistic-function are summarized in Table 1, including slopes, goodness-of-fit criteria and the calculated EC1, EC10, EC25 and EC50 values
These results showed that, OTA and ZEA act though distinct mechanisms, co-treatment with both OTA and ZEA additively affects cell viability, suggesting the need to consider the combined effect of mycotoxins for risk assessment
Summary
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Zearalenone (ZEA) are mycotoxins that are naturally produced by fungi, and contaminate a large variety of agricultural products. They are of major concern for animal and human health due to their toxic effects and demonstrated human exposure [1,2,3]. OTA and ZEA naturally occur in plants simultaneously [4,5] and food processing usually mixes raw materials, which makes the coexposure of mycotoxins inevitable. The question is raised whether such a combined intake of OTA and ZEA would lead to a possible higher risk of adverse health effects than the intake of one of these mycotoxins alone
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