Abstract
In this paper, an analytical and accurate in-to-out (I2O) human body path loss (PL) model at 2.45 GHz is derived based on a 3D heterogeneous human body model under safety constraints. The bit error rate (BER) performance for this channel using multiple efficient modulation schemes is investigated and the link budget is analyzed based on a predetermined satisfactory BER of 10−3. In addition, an incremental relay-based cooperative quality of service-aware (QoS-aware) routing protocol for the proposed I2O WBAN is presented and compared with an existing scheme. Linear programming QoS metric expressions are derived and employed to maximize the network lifetime, throughput, minimizing delay. Results show that binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) outperforms other modulation techniques for the proposed I2O WBAN systems, enabling the support of a 30 Mbps data transmission rate up to 1.6 m and affording more reliable communication links when the transmitter power is increased. Moreover, the proposed incremental cooperative routing protocol outperforms the existing two-relay technique in terms of energy efficiency. Open issues and on-going research within the I2O WBAN area are presented and discussed as an inspiration towards developments in health IoT applications.
Highlights
The health Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most promising approaches in improving the quality of human life
We previously proposed a biological implant communication channel [5], where the rather than in-body or I2O body communication systems communication link was specific afor the human cephalic region and covered achannel limited [5], communication biological implant communication where the communication was human cephalic covered of a real-time limited range
A two relay based wireless body area network (WBAN) routing protocol has been investigated by Deepak and Babu [22] and the results show that the proposed routing scheme outperforms direct communication and single relay methods in terms of transmission reliability and energy efficiency
Summary
The health Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most promising approaches in improving the quality of human life This is through healthcare monitoring and remote telemedicine support systems, which are able to deliver real-time data collection, transmission and visualization via the Internet [1,2]. We have presented a flexible quality of service (QoS) target-specific smart healthcare system [3] This consisted of a smart gateway, a collection of sensor nodes and wireless communication links that can continuously acquire, process and transmit human vital signs to a remote medical server. Such a system makes remote patient health status monitoring by doctors and nurses a feasible proposition [1,3].
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