Abstract

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease in which non-motor symptoms may appear before motor phenomena, which include Impulse Control Disorders (ICDs). The objective of this study is to identify factors associated with the development of ICDs in PD. An analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted using clinical records from patients diagnosed with PD, both genders, from 40 to 80 years old. Clinical and demographic data were collected: 181 patients were recruited; 80 of them showed PD and ICDs, and they constituted the study group, whereas 101 patients with PD without ICDs constituted the control reference group. The duration of PD was longer in the group with ICDs (p < 0.008), and all patients showed at least one ICD: binge eating (61.29%), compulsive shopping (48.75%), hypersexuality (23.75%), gambling behavior (8.75%), and punding (3.75%). After logistic regression analysis, only the use of dopamine agonists remained associated with ICDs (p < 0.001), and the tremorgenic form was suggested to be a protective factor (p < 0.001). Positive associations were observed between the rigid-akinetic form and compulsive shopping (p < 0.007), between male and hypersexuality (p < 0.018), and between dopamine agonists and compulsive shopping (p < 0.004), and negative associations were observed between motor fluctuations and compulsive shopping (p < 0.031), between Deep Brain Stimulation and binge eating (p < 0.046), and between levodopa consumption and binge eating (p < 0.045). Binge eating, compulsive shopping, and hypersexuality were the most frequent ICDs. Complex forms and motor complications of PD were associated with the development of ICDs.

Highlights

  • This article is an open access articleParkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative process, only after Alzheimer’s disease [1] and affects more than 5 million people around the world [2].Its etiology has been attributed to genetic and environmental factors

  • For more than two decades, Impulse Control Disorders (ICDs) cases have been associated with dopamine agonists (DAAs) consumption [33,34] and they were considered iatrogenic, so symptomatology began after using DAAs and disappeared when it was stopped [26]

  • We found that Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) placement was a risk factor for ICDs as well as the association between DBS and binge eating

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Summary

Introduction

This article is an open access articleParkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative process, only after Alzheimer’s disease [1] and affects more than 5 million people around the world [2].Its etiology has been attributed to genetic and environmental factors. This article is an open access article. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative process, only after Alzheimer’s disease [1] and affects more than 5 million people around the world [2]. Its etiology has been attributed to genetic and environmental factors. PD affects all populations, though it is more common in Caucasian males in Europe and North distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons. The prevalence of PD in the general population is 0.3% and may affect 1–2% of patients older than 60 years old and up to 4% of patients older than 85, while this prevalence is expected to double by 2030 [6]

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