Abstract
In this paper, an extended analysis of the performance of different hybrid Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems (RESS) for use in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with a series drivetrain topology is analyzed, based on simulations with three different driving cycles. The investigated hybrid energy storage topologies are an energy optimized lithium-ion battery (HE) in combination with an Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) system, in combination with a power optimized lithium-ion battery (HP) system or in combination with a Lithium-ion Capacitor (LiCap) system, that act as a Peak Power System. From the simulation results it was observed that hybridization of the HE lithium-ion based energy storage system resulted from the three topologies in an increased overall energy efficiency of the RESS, in an extended all electric range of the PHEV and in a reduced average current through the HE battery. The lowest consumption during the three driving cycles was obtained for the HE-LiCap topology, where fuel savings of respectively 6.0%, 10.3% and 6.8% compared with the battery stand-alone system were achieved. The largest extension of the range was achieved for the HE-HP configuration (17% based on FTP-75 driving cycle). HP batteries however have a large internal resistance in comparison to EDLC and LiCap systems, which resulted in a reduced overall energy efficiency of the hybrid RESS. Additionally, it was observed that the HP and LiCap systems both offer significant benefits for the integration of a peak power system in the drivetrain of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle due to their low volume and weight in comparison to that of the EDLC system.
Highlights
The generation of energy in the society today is unsustainable from an environmental and economic point of view
A comparative analysis of the performance of a high energy (HE) battery stand-alone system with that of a HE-Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) system, a HE-high power (HP) system and a HE-Lithium-ion Capacitor (LiCap) hybrid Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS) is presented for a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with series hybrid drivetrain topology
It was found that the HE-HP configuration showed the highest potential with regard to AER extension
Summary
The generation of energy in the society today is unsustainable from an environmental and economic point of view. Lithium-ion batteries are the preferred type of RESS for BEV and PHEV applications due to their high energy and power densities. Their non-faradaic mechanism results in a low internal resistance, a high efficiency (95% - 98%) and a lifetime up to one million cycles [20] [21] These characteristics make them an interesting candidate for use as Peak Power System (PPS) in a hybrid RESS. The result is a hybrid storage device with characteristics in between lithium-ion batteries and EDLCs. Its main advantages with respect to EDLCs are its higher energy density (10 - 15 Wh/kg versus 5 7 Wh/kg) and higher operating voltage (3.8 V versus 2.7 V), meaning that it is possible to reduce the amount of cells connected in series for certain high power applications [27]-[30].
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