Abstract
Chaenomeles species are used for both ornamental decoration and medicinal purposes. In order to have a better understanding of the flavonoid profile of Chaenomeles, the petals of four Chaenomeles species, including Chaenomeles japonica (RB), Chaenomeles speciose (ZP), Chaenomeles sinensis (GP), and Chaenomeles cathayensis (MY), were selected as experimental material. The total flavonoid content of GP was found to be the highest, followed by MY, ZP, and RB. In total, 179 flavonoid metabolites (including 49 flavonols, 46 flavonoids, 19 flavone C-glycosides, 17 procyanidins, 15 anthocyanins, 10 flavanols, 10 dihydroflavonoids, 6 isoflavones, 5 dihydroflavonols, and 2 chalcones) were identified by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Screening of differential flavonoid metabolites showed that GP had higher levels of metabolites when compared with the other three Chaenomeles species. Annotation and enrichment analysis of flavonoid metabolites revealed that cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside and pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside anthocyanins are likely responsible for the color differences of the four Chaenomeles petals. Additionally, a large number of flavonoids, flavonols, and isoflavones were enriched in the petals of GP. This study provides new insights into the development and utilization of Chaenomeles petals and provides a basis for future investigations into their utilization.
Highlights
The genus Chaenomeles belongs to the Rosaceae family [1], and contains multi-purpose species which are used for food, medicine and ornamental decoration
Chaenomeles species are multifunctional plants that are widely used in food, medicinal and ornamental decoration
Ornamental use is mainly based on petal color, while edible and medicinal use of Chaenomeles species is limited to its fruits, which are rich in flavonoids
Summary
The genus Chaenomeles belongs to the Rosaceae family [1], and contains multi-purpose species which are used for food, medicine and ornamental decoration. Chaenomeles fruits are rich in antioxidants and useful for the treatment of influenza, tumors, liver disease, inflammation, Parkinson’s disease, and bacterial infections [5,6,7,8]. Chaenomeles species are important ornamental plants because of their strong environmental adaptability, as well as their appealing flowers and leaves [11,12]. Flavonoids, including anthocyanins, flavones, flavonols, and flavanols, are important chemical components of Chaenomeles fruits [4,13,14]. Anthocyanins are responsible for many colors in plants, and affect their suitability in ornamental uses
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