Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are frequently detected in soil. Their biological toxicity and carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects pose a great threat to the ecological environment and human health. Firstly, the sources, physicochemical properties, and environmental hazards of PAHs are reviewed in this paper, and then their pollution status and different methods for their detection in soil are described in detail. The remediation technologies to treat pollution in the field and farmland are compared, and the technical status and factors influencing phytomicrobial remediation of PAHs in contaminated soil are evaluated in the most comprehensive way. The mechanisms of phytomicrobial remediation of PAHs-contaminated soil under different conditions are innovatively discussed. Additionally, the regulation mechanism of enzymes involved in plant and microbial degradation of PAHs in soils is studied. This is the first study on the regulation mechanism of degradation enzyme in a PAHs review. The aim of this paper is to review the pollution status, remediation technologies, mechanisms, and biodegradation actions of PAHs in soil. This review creatively provides reliable technical support for strengthening soil remediation and environmental management.
Highlights
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be divided into low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) compounds
PAHs of HMW are more toxic to the human body, and human exposure to PAHs of HMW adsorbed on environmental particles may increase the risk of cancer and other diseases [19]
Using the carrier gas or vacuum system in the repair process, volatile PAHs are swept into the gas treatment system for offsite or secondary treatment, and few or almost no volatile PAHs are discharged into the atmosphere
Summary
Petroleum is one of the most important energy sources for mankind. The global annual output of oil is as high as 2.2 billion tons, of which 1.75 billion tons are produced by terrestrial oil fields [1]. Petroleum pollutants in the soil include normal alkanes, branched chain alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons, etc. Compared with other petroleum pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of refractory organic matter [3]. As a typical petroleum pollutant, PAHs have received extensive attention from governments and the scientific community [4]. 16 PAHs as “priority control pollutants” in 1976, the European Union, China, and other international organizations and countries have gradually listed PAHs as priority control and reduction organic pollutants [5]. Research on the enhanced degradation of PAHs is one of the key problems in solving petroleum soil pollution. Taking PAHs as an example, the purpose of this review is to conduct theoretical research on the combined effects of enhanced degradation of microorganisms and absorption of plants. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10695 we developed a targeted, efficient, fast, and low-cost plant–microorganism joint-enhanced soil–oil pollution remediation technology
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