Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes Related to Resistance in Spinosad- and Neonicotinoid-Resistant Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) Strains.

Dorte H Højland,Michael Kristensen,Xinghui Qiu

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170935

Abstract

BackgroundThe housefly is a global pest that has developed resistance to most insecticides applied against it. Resistance of the spinosad-resistant strain 791spin and the neonicotinoid-resistant 766b strain is believed to be due to metabolism. We investigate differentially expressed genes in these two resistant strains related to metabolism in comparison with an insecticide-susceptible reference strain.ResultsGenes involved in metabolism of xenobiotics were primarily up-regulated in resistant flies with some differences between resistant strains. The cyp4g98 and cyp6g4 genes proved interesting in terms of neonicotinoid resistance, while cyp4d9 was overexpressed in 791spin compared to spinosad-susceptible strains. GSTs, ESTs and UGTs were mostly overexpressed, but not to the same degree as P450s. We present a comprehensive and comparative picture of gene expression in three housefly strains differing significantly in their response to insecticides. High differential expression of P450s and genes coding for cuticle protein indicates a combination of factors involved in metabolic neonicotinoid and spinosad resistance.ConclusionResistance in these strains is apparently not linked to the alteration of a single gene but is composed of several changes including differential expression of genes encoding metabolic detoxification enzymes.

Highlights

The housefly (Musca domestica L.) is a global pest and mechanical vector of more than 100 human and animal pathogens, causing diseases such as salmonellosis, cholera and typhoidPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0170935 January 26, 2017Differentially Expressed Genes Related to Resistance in the Housefly fever [1, 2]
We investigate differentially expressed genes in these two resistant strains related to metabolism in comparison with an insecticidesusceptible reference strain
Genes involved in metabolism of xenobiotics were primarily up-regulated in resistant flies with some differences between resistant strains

Summary

Introduction

Expressed Genes Related to Resistance in the Housefly fever [1, 2]. Nicotine mimics acetylcholine (ACh) in nerve signaling, causing the development of the insecticide group of neonicotinoids. They are potent selective agonists of insect-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), causing irreversible blockage of postsynaptic receptors [6, 7], resulting in convulsions and paralysis. In phase I reactions, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) primarily oxidate toxic molecules, making them more water-soluble. The housefly is a global pest that has developed resistance to most insecticides applied against it. We investigate differentially expressed genes in these two resistant strains related to metabolism in comparison with an insecticidesusceptible reference strain

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