Abstract
This article presents a delayed susceptibility, exposure, infectivity, recovery, and vaccination (SEIRV) model with nonlinear incidence and ratio-dependent functional responses. Model limitations and local stability analyses were examined with strict consideration of delay awareness. In addition, the presence of Hopf bifurcations with delay as a bifurcation parameter was investigated along with feature distributions with appropriate constraints. Numerical simulations are presented to verify the proposed theoretical results. In particular, if the latency exceeds the threshold, worm propagation in the system may become out of control. We demonstrated that the propagation characteristics of worms can easily be predicted and eliminated if the delay values are below a suitable threshold. Finally, we conclude that worm propagation is controllable by shifting the presence of Hopf bifurcations.
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