Abstract
The emergence of the novel coronavirus and then pandemic outbreak was coined 2019- nCoV or COVID-19 (or SARS-CoV-2 disease 2019). This disease has a mortality rate of about 3·7 percent, and successful therapy is desperately needed to combat it. The exact cellular mechanisms of COVID-19 need to be illustrated in detail. This study aimed to evaluate serum cytokines in COVID-19 patients. In this study, serum was collected from volunteer individuals, moderate COVID-19 patients, severe cases of COVID-19 patients, and patients who recovered from COVID-19 (n = 122). The serum concentrations of interleukins such as IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The concentrations of IL-1 and TNF-α were did not differ significantly among groups. However, the concentration of IL-6 was significantly higher in moderate COVID-19 and severe cases of COVID-19 groups compared to control and recovered groups indicating it to be an independent predictor in the coronavirus disease. The levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were significantly lower in the recovery group than the severe case of the COVID-19 group. In contrast, the level of IL-10 in recovered COVID-19 patients was significantly higher in compare to severe cases, COVID-19 patients. Varying levels of cytokines were detected in COVID-19 group than control group suggesting distinct immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in COVID-19 pathogenesis. However, additional investigations are needed to be to be performed to understand the exact cellular mechanism of this disease.
Highlights
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), initially named as SARS-CoV-2 Disease 2019, due to its similarity with SARS-CoV has a mortality rate of about 3 7 percent, and effective therapies are urgently needed to combat it [1]
The patients with COVID-19 were grouped into moderate cases of COVID-19, severe cases of COVID-19, and recovered cases from COVID-19 between male and females according to intensive care, complications and number of deaths (Table 1)
We evaluated the serum cytokine levels in COVID-19 patients in Erbil city of Iraq
Summary
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), initially named as SARS-CoV-2 Disease 2019, due to its similarity with SARS-CoV has a mortality rate of about 3 7 percent, and effective therapies are urgently needed to combat it [1]. The major clinical feature of COVID-19 is brought about by causing acute injuries in the lungs, which leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in most severe ARS patients. Previous studies have shown some pro-inflammatory cytokines to play a crucial role throughout acute lung injury, for instance, acute pancreatitis and sepsis [3, 4]. They demonstrated that infection with viral agents causes upregulation of cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), which is considered as an important mediator of inflammation [5, 6]. Therapeutic strategies for SARS-CoV-2 could comprise of antibiotics, intravenous immunoglobulin (Ig), selective blockage of cytokines, and Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibition [8, 9]
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