Abstract
Epidemic routing (Flooding) is considered as a simple routing protocol for opportunistic networks where the participants attempt to transmit whatever information they have to everyone who does not already have that information. However, it is plagued with disadvantages of resource scarcity as it exerts stress on available bandwidth as well as storage capacity of the devices in the network. Cognitive radio (CR) is one of the emerging technologies that can improve the bandwidth utilization by smart allocation of spectrum radio bands. Ideally speaking, a spectrum-aware cognitive radio is able to sense the local spectrum usage and adapt its own radio parameters accordingly. In this study, we have performed experiments to analyze the gains achieved by flooding protocol using cognitive radios of varying capabilities in opportunistic networks. We have performed experiments on three opportunistic networks obtained from real-life traces from different environments and presented results showing variance in delivery efficiency as well as cost incurred on those scenarios. Our results show that performance of flooding can be significantly improved using CRs in bandwidth-scarce environments; however, the improvement is not uniform with the increase in a number of available bands.
Highlights
Since the introduction of Delay Tolerant Networks in research horizon for interplanetary communication [1], several offshoots have spawned e.g. Vehicular Networks, Mobile Social Networks and Opportunistic Networks
Opportunistic networks can be seen as good examples of distributed systems [12], which can be simulated and analyzed with the help of oracles that have the capability of delivering different kinds of network measures without delay, throughout the network
Abdelaziz and Elnainay [18] have described the challenges that should be considered for different types of networks starting by the Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) and ending with the Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs)
Summary
Since the introduction of Delay Tolerant Networks in research horizon for interplanetary communication [1], several offshoots have spawned e.g. Vehicular Networks, Mobile Social Networks and Opportunistic Networks. Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) are an emerging multi-hop wireless networking technology where nodes are able to change their transmission or reception parameters based on interaction with the environment in which they operate [3]. It has been reported in [4] that many spectrum bands allocated through static assignment policies are used only in bounded geographical areas or over limited periods of time, and that the average utilization of such bands varies between 15% and 85%. Irrespective of whether the simulation incorporates real life traces or an artificially generated network for such asynchronous path scenario, almost everyone is benchmarking his/her results against the flooding protocol
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