Analysis of Bullet Impact Locations in the 10 m Air Pistol Men’s Competition Based on Covariance

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to quantify the bullet impact locations of the men’s 10 m air pistol competition and propose objective metrics for evaluating shooting techniques. We automatically collected data from the top 20 competitors’ shooting results using computer vision techniques. Metrics such as x-variance, y-variance, covariance, x-mean, y-mean, root mean square error (RMSE), x-mean score, and y-mean score were computed to investigate correlations among rankings, left–right and up–down shot groups, aiming relationships, and precision. Covariance analysis revealed significant interactions between horizontal and vertical aiming, highlighting the importance of balanced coordination between these directions for high performance. Athletes with lower covariance values, indicating less variation between horizontal and vertical aiming, tended to achieve higher rankings. Additionally, top-ranked athletes exhibited lower RMSE values, underscoring the importance of precision in achieving high scores. In conclusion, this study analyzed the correlation between x and y through covariance, examined its relationship with competition rankings, and proposed new indicators for training and performance enhancement. This study is novel in that it provides quantitative data to correct poor aiming and shooting habits by performing a covariance-based bidirectional correlation analysis, rather than simply analyzing bullet impact locations in a single horizontal or vertical direction. Our approach establishes a foundation for more data-driven and objective evaluations in the sport of shooting.