Analysis of Biomechanical Parameters of Muscle Soleus Contraction and Blood Biochemical Parameters in Rat with Chronic Glyphosate Intoxication and Therapeutic Use of C60 Fullerene.

Dmytro Nozdrenko,Peter Scharff,Yuriy Prylutskyy,Oksana Vygovska,Svitlana Prylutska,Sergii Khrapatyi,Kateryna Bogutska,Vasil Soroca,Olga Abramchuk,Uwe Ritter

doi:10.3390/ijms22094977

Abstract

The widespread use of glyphosate as a herbicide in agriculture can lead to the presence of its residues and metabolites in food for human consumption and thus pose a threat to human health. It has been found that glyphosate reduces energy metabolism in the brain, its amount increases in white muscle fibers. At the same time, the effect of chronic use of glyphosate on the dynamic properties of skeletal muscles remains practically unexplored. The selected biomechanical parameters (the integrated power of muscle contraction, the time of reaching the muscle contraction force its maximum value and the reduction of the force response by 50% and 25% of the initial values during stimulation) of muscle soleus contraction in rats, as well as blood biochemical parameters (the levels of creatinine, creatine phosphokinase, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydrogen peroxide, reduced glutathione and catalase) were analyzed after chronic glyphosate intoxication (oral administration at a dose of 10 μg/kg of animal weight) for 30 days. Water-soluble C60 fullerene, as a poweful antioxidant, was used as a therapeutic nanoagent throughout the entire period of intoxication with the above herbicide (oral administration at doses of 0.5 or 1 mg/kg). The data obtained show that the introduction of C60 fullerene at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg reduces the degree of pathological changes by 40–45%. Increasing the dose of C60 fullerene to 1 mg/kg increases the therapeutic effect by 55–65%, normalizing the studied biomechanical and biochemical parameters. Thus, C60 fullerenes can be effective nanotherapeutics in the treatment of glyphosate-based herbicide poisoning.

Highlights

The results showed an increased level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) at all tested herbicide concentrations, which remained elevated even after a recovery period [9]
The antibacterial activity of C60 fullerene is connected with its ability to undergo aggregation [21]; the macrophage apoptosis induced by aqueous C60 fullerene aggregates changes the mitochondrial membrane potential [22]; the respiratory toxicity and immunotoxicity of C60 fullerenes in mice and rats after nose inhalation strictly depends on their nano- and micro-size [23]; depending on the size C60 fullerenes can inhibit BKCa but not Kv channels in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells [24], penetrate through plasma membrane inside the cell [25] or be adsorbed on the surface of the membrane [26]
The atomic force microscopy (AFM) study of C60 fullerene films deposited from an aqueous solution revealed a high degree of molecules dispersion in solution

Summary

Introduction

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) is a non-selective herbicide most commonly used for weed control. Among herbicides, it ranks first in the world in production. Many agricultural crops are genetically engineered to tolerate glyphosate. This significantly increases the effectiveness of weed control in these crops. The effect of glyphosate on a plant is due to the fact that it inhibits the components of the enzyme system of the shikimate pathway of biosynthesis of benzoic aromatic compounds [1].

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