Analysis of Barrett’s Esophagus and Its Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study of 10,122 Subjects at a Japanese Health Examination Center

Abstract

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori eradication is expected to significantly change the prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus (BE). However, few reports on this relationship exist. We analyzed the risk factors of BE using the current consensus on length of BE considering H. pylori infection status. Methods: We analyzed 10,122 individuals (5,962 men; mean age = 52.9 ± 9.9 years) who had undergone esophagogastroduodenoscopy as part of a medical checkup. Correlations among factors including H. pylori infectious status, endoscopic findings, and BE ≥1 cm were analyzed. Results: Prevalence of BE, long-segment BE, and esophageal adenocarcinoma was 22.5%, 0.014%, and 0%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for BE were hiatal hernia (odds ratio [OR]: 2.89 [2.59–3.24]), female sex (OR: 0.52 [0.46–0.59]), social drinking (OR:0.77 [0.68–0.87]), H. pylori eradication therapy (OR: 1.34 [1.19–1.51]), proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use (OR: 1.52 [1.18–1.96]), bile reflux (OR: 1.18 [1.04–1.33]), age ≥50 years (OR: 1.13 [1.02–1.26]), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use (OR: 1.29 [1.02–1.62]). Although reflux esophagitis (RE) was more common in H. pylori-negative patients (17.2%) than in those after H. pylori eradication therapy (11.8%, p < 0.00001), the latter was correlated with BE, disputing RE as a strong risk factor for BE. Therefore, we conducted a subgroup analysis; most of the risk factors except for PPI use (p = 0.75), H2-receptor antagonist use (p = 0.078), and atrophic gastritis absence (p = 0.72) were positively correlated with BE after H. pylori eradication therapy compared with H. pylori-negative status. Conclusions: H. pylori eradication, bile reflux, PPI use, and NSAID use were risk factors for BE along with hiatal hernia, male sex, and older age.