Analysis of Avicennia Sp. Plants Herbivory and Associated Insects in Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration

Anang Kadarsah

doi:10.20527/jwem.v9i1.261

Abstract

Herbivory is a natural mechanisms for adjustment of tree growth, form, survivorship, and reproductive output of forest ecology including in mangrove ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to compare herbivory and insect diversity in various growth stages of Avicennia Sp. related with restoration of mangrove ecosystem. The research was carried out four months (July-October 2020) in Pagatan Besar mangrove ecosystem in Tanah Laut District, South Kalimantan Province. The results showed that marginal pattern is the most leaf attack case, both in every plant growth stages (39-68%) and canopy (53-58%) of Avicennia Sp. The highest average of leaf damage was found in lower canopy (3.06%), and the growth stage of seedling (3.62%). Herbivory most often found at lower canopy (3.17%) and seedling life stages (3.76%) of Avicennia Sp. It was found about 13 species of insects in all growth stages of Avicennia Sp. with the highest Biodiversity Index found in seedling (0.753). Insects function on all life stages of Avicennia Sp. was dominated by predator.

Highlights

Most mangrove forests in the tropical areas consist of monocultural stands or mixtures of a few tree species (Burrows, 2003)
There are three known patterns of herbivory attack, the first is attack direction start from the edge of leaf, second is starting from the middle and third the attacks starting with the edge and int the middle
Its dominated by marginal attack patterns both in lower and top of the Avicennia Sp.canopy (5358%)

Summary

Introduction

Most mangrove forests in the tropical areas consist of monocultural stands or mixtures of a few tree species (Burrows, 2003). Is one kind of true mangrove (Alongi, 2008), with the structural and floristic diversity arranges by the leaf (Burrows, 2003). Herbivoral insects play an important regulatory function in the ecology of forest ecosystems., The presence of the herbivoral insect affect the shape of Avicennia due to the insects predation on Avicennia leaf (Amalia et al, 2019). The presence of insects affects significantly the longevity of leaves, time of leaf fall, and the quality of leaf litter, especially in young plant seeds (Burrows, 2003). Predation of insect on Avicennia lead to increase of nutrient cycle in forest ecosystem. The presence of insects and other herbivores in roots, stems and leaves of

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