Abstract
In present-day highly-automated vehicles, there are occasions when the driving system disengages and the human driver is required to take-over. This is of great importance to a vehicle U+02BC s safety and ride comfort. In the U.S state of California, the Autonomous Vehicle Testing Regulations require every manufacturer testing autonomous vehicles on public roads to submit an annual report summarizing the disengagements of the technology experienced during testing. On 1 January 2016, seven manufacturers submitted their first disengagement reports: Bosch, Delphi, Google, Nissan, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, and Tesla Motors. This work analyses the data from these disengagement reports with the aim of gaining abetter understanding of the situations in which a driver is required to takeover, as this is potentially useful in improving the Society of Automotive Engineers U+0028 SAE U+0029 Level 2 and Level 3 automation technologies. Disengagement events from testing are classified into different groups based on attributes and the causes of disengagement are investigated and compared in detail. The mechanisms and time taken for take-over transition occurred in disengagements are studied. Finally, recommendations for OEMs, manufacturers, and government organizations are also discussed.
Highlights
A UTOMATED vehicles have been gaining increasing attention from both academia and industry [1]
The rest of this paper is arranged as follows: Section II defines and classifies the disengagement events focused on in this study, and presents the overall conditions of the disengagement reported by manufacturers; Section III analyses the main reasons of these disengagements; Section IV discusses the disengagement cases of stage-I and stage-II manufacturers, respectively; Section V investigates the take-over mechanism and time reported in the disengagements; Section VI proposes recommendations to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), manufacturers, and government organizations, respectively, and discusses the opening challenges associated with driver-vehicle interactions; Section VII concludes the findings and discusses possible future work
The California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) rule defines the disengagement which needs to be reported as a deactivation of the autonomous mode when a failure of the autonomous technology is detected, or when the safe operation of the vehicle requires that the autonomous vehicle test driver disengages autonomous mode and takes immediate manual control of the vehicle [20]
Summary
A UTOMATED vehicles have been gaining increasing attention from both academia and industry [1]. The rest of this paper is arranged as follows: Section II defines and classifies the disengagement events focused on in this study, and presents the overall conditions of the disengagement reported by manufacturers; Section III analyses the main reasons of these disengagements; Section IV discusses the disengagement cases of stage-I and stage-II manufacturers, respectively; Section V investigates the take-over mechanism and time reported in the disengagements; Section VI proposes recommendations to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), manufacturers, and government organizations, respectively, and discusses the opening challenges associated with driver-vehicle interactions; Section VII concludes the findings and discusses possible future work
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