Abstract
BackgroundMicroalgae, with the ability to mitigate CO2 emission and produce carbohydrates and lipids, are considered one of the most promising resources for producing bioenergy. Recently, we discovered that autophagy plays a critical role in the metabolism of photosynthetic system and lipids production. So far, more than 30-autophagy related (ATG) genes in all subtypes of autophagy have been identified. However, compared with yeast and mammals, in silico and experimental research of autophagy pathways in microalgae remained limited and fragmentary.Principal FindingsIn this article, we performed a genome-wide analysis of ATG genes in 7 microalgae species and explored their distributions, domain structures and evolution. Eighteen “core autophagy machinery” proteins, four mammalian-specific ATG proteins and more than 30 additional proteins (including “receptor-adaptor” complexes) in all subtypes of autophagy were analyzed. Data revealed that receptor proteins in cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting and mitophagy seem to be absent in microalgae. However, most of the “core autophagy machinery” and mammalian-specific proteins are conserved among microalgae, except for the ATG9-cycling system in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the second ubiquitin-like protein conjugation complex in several algal species. The catalytic and binding residues in ATG3, ATG5, ATG7, ATG8, ATG10 and ATG12 are also conserved and the phylogenetic tree of ATG8 coincides well with the phylogenies. Chlorella contains the entire set of the core autophagy machinery. In addition, RT-PCR analysis verified that all crucial ATG genes tested are expressed during autophagy in both Chlorella and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Finally, we discovered that addition of 3-Methyladenine (a PI3K specific inhibitor) could suppress the formation of autophagic vacuoles in Chlorella.ConclusionsTaken together, Chlorella may represent a potential model organism to investigate autophagy pathways in photosynthetic eukaryotes. The study will not only promote understanding of the general features of autophagic pathways, but also benefit the production of Chlorella-derived biofuel with future commercial applications.
Highlights
Microalgae represent a group of tiny and usually unicellular algae, including numerous marine and freshwater species [1]
Because the molecular insights of the autophagic pathway mainly come from yeast species, most of the autophagy related (ATG) proteins are identified in S. cerevisiae (Sc) and P. pastoris (Pp)
ATG proteins involved in the core machinery The core autophagy machinery in yeast and plants can be divided into three systems: 1) ATG9-Cycling, 2) the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and 3) the ubiquitin-like protein complex [21]
Summary
Microalgae represent a group of tiny and usually unicellular algae, including numerous marine and freshwater species [1]. Chlorella protothecoides is one of the promising model oleaginous microalgae to produce commercially viable biodiesel because of its rapid biomass production, high photosynthetic efficiency and high lipid content (50.3% of dry cell weight) [5,6,7,8]. Algal biofuel research has been a hot topic and attracted experts both in biotechnology and biochemical engineering. We identified that autophagy plays a critical role in the metabolism of photosynthetical system and in the production of lipids in Chlorella. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular aspects of autophagy is required for the production of biofuel and mitigating CO2 emission. We discovered that autophagy plays a critical role in the metabolism of photosynthetic system and lipids production. Compared with yeast and mammals, in silico and experimental research of autophagy pathways in microalgae remained limited and fragmentary
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