Abstract
In this research, we compared the phenotypical characters, total anthocyanins content, total phenols content, and antioxidant activity of red-fleshed apple cultivars ‘XJ4’, ‘QN-5’, ‘DH’ and ‘HX1’ at three fruit developmental stages. A further flavonoids metabolites study was conducted in ‘XJ4’ and ‘DH’. We found broader variation of total anthocyanins content in the peel of the four cultivars, which might result in larger differences of free radicals scavenging rate. The most significant difference in fruit phenotype, anthocyanins content, and DPPH scavenging rate was observed between ‘XJ4’ and ‘DH’ at mature stage. Therefore, the flavonoids metabolites of ‘XJ4’ and ‘DH’ at mature stage were compared to unveil the details of anthocyanins compounds. The unique compounds pelargonidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-malonylhexoside were detected only in peel and flesh of ‘XJ4’ but not in ‘DH’, which might contribute to the purple peel and dark-red flesh color of ‘XJ4’. Significantly decreased upstream metabolites in the early biosynthetic genes regulated domain were found only in ‘XJ4’ peel but not in the flesh. This might explain why the anthocyanins content in ‘XJ4’ peel was decreased largely at the mature stage. Taken together, our findings will give some insight into the metabolites study in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway of red-fleshed apple.
Highlights
Flavonoids are a big class of polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites, including flavonols, flavones, isoflavones, anthocyanins and so on [1]
Through the study of antioxidant activity of anthocyanins extract, we found that generally the DPPH radical scavenging rate was positively related to anthocyanins content
When compare the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins extract from peel and flesh, we found that the differences of DPPH
Summary
Flavonoids are a big class of polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites, including flavonols, flavones, isoflavones, anthocyanins and so on [1]. Flavonoids play important roles in maintaining normal vascular permeability and protecting against diseases such as hyperglycemia, cancer, and diabetes [3]. Anthocyanins are one group of the major secondary metabolites that cause plants to exhibit different colors. As a group of important horticultural products, contain a wide variety of colors such as red, pink, purple and blue contributed by anthocyanins [4]. The anthocyanidin structure contains two aromatic benzene rings and an oxygenated heterocycle with three carbons, the hydroxyl group at C3 or C5 in the anthocyanidin molecule can be connected with glucose, rhamnose, galactose or some pentose to form anthocyanins [7,8]
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