Abstract
The influence of the working load on the dynamic loading of the bolt was investigated in our study for two cases of flange joints. The analytical calculation according to the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) 2230 recommendation and the numerical analysis using the finite element method (FEM) were performed for a model of a four-bolt joint. To verify the FEM analysis, the forces in the bolts were measured during preloading and during the application of the working load on the test rig. Based on the analytical and numerical results, the influence of the working load application point on the bolt load and its fatigue life was analysed for different cases. Comparison of the results shows that the analytical method overestimates the additional bolt stresses at low working load, mainly due to the extremely large fraction of bending stress. As the working load increases, the differences between the two methods decrease, but only for the reason that the analytical method can only linearly scale the overestimated results at lower working load, and FEM analysis, on the other hand, shows a progressive increase of the additional stress in the bolt at higher working loads due to the spreading of the flange. It is also shown that a high washer significantly increases the fatigue life of the bolt for two reasons: (i) a high washer reduces the additional stress in the bolt, and (ii) the high washer shifts the critical fatigue point from the thread area to the transition of the bolt shank to the head.
Highlights
Bolts are the most commonly used machine elements for detachable joints of machine parts and elements of steel structures
The analytical calculation according to the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) 2230 recommendation and the numerical analysis using the finite element method (FEM) were performed for a model of a four-bolt joint
Comparison of the results shows that the analytical method overestimates the additional bolt stresses at low working load, mainly due to the extremely large fraction of bending stress
Summary
Bolts are the most commonly used machine elements for detachable joints of machine parts and elements of steel structures. Most bolted joints are made with several bolts, which are not evenly loaded. The bolts are tightened to the specified torque, resulting in an axial force in the bolt and a compression between the clamping parts. By proper design of the entire bolted joint and selection of appropriate preload, the alternating force and bending moment can be significantly reduced for the same working load. The dynamic load of the bolt is influenced by the stiffness of the bolt and the clamping parts. The bolts should have the lowest possible stiffness and the clamping parts the highest possible stiffness. Long elastic bolts are used in internal combustion engines for cylinder head–engine block connection and for piston rod connection [5]
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