Analysis of 32 priority substances from EU water framework directive in wastewaters, surface and drinking waters with a fast sample treatment methodology

Abstract

ABSTRACTA simple, fast, and sensitive method is proposed for the analysis of 32 priority substances (PS) from EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the first Watch List in effluents of wastewater treatment plants (EWW), surface waters (SW) and drinking waters (DW). Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) is used. For DLLME, a mixture of 1,1,2-trichloroethane as extraction solvent (75 µL) and acetonitrile as disperser solvent (3.2 mL) is proposed. The method was validated in EWW, SW and DW, showing satisfactory accuracy values ranging from 90% to 104%, good precision (relative standard deviation, RSD%, lower than 13%) and uncertainty values between 7% and 34%. Regarding sensitivity, method limits of quantification (MLOQs) of 4.8, 5.2 and 8.8 ng L−1 for DW, SW and EWW, respectively, were obtained. The developed method was applied to analyze PS in water from effluents of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), surface water of the Llobregat River and its main tributaries (Catalonia, NE Spain) and drinking water from a Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP). Moreover, the efficiency of treatment plants (DWTP, WWTP) on the elimination of PS was evaluated. Only 3 PS (lindane, terbutryn and dicofol) were detected, being terbutryn the compound found at the highest levels (up to 493 ng L−1 in EWW samples). Regarding environmental quality standard (WFD) for terbutryn in surface waters, only one sample, the Rubí stream (431 ng L−1), showed levels of terbutryn higher than maximum allowable concentration (340 ng L−1).