Analysis of 27 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by matrix solid-phase dispersion and isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in sewage sludge from the Spanish area of Madrid

Abstract

A method for the determination of 27 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in urban, industrial or rural zones is presented. PAHs were extracted by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) assisted by sonication. Purification of extracts was carried out by solid-phase extraction with C 18 and PAHs were eluted with acetonitrile. PAHs were determined by isotope dilution gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometric detection in the selected ion-monitoring mode (GC–MS–SIM), using deuterated PAHs as internal standards. The limits of detection ranged from 0.03 ng/g for acenaphthylene to 0.45 ng/g for benzo[ b]naphtho[2,1- d]thyophene. After optimization, the method was validated with a certified reference sludge. The proposed analytical method was applied to determine PAH levels in sewage sludge samples collected from 19 water treatment plants located in the province of Madrid (Spain). In most of the examined samples, phenanthrene was the main compound with a mean concentration of 1062 ng/g. PAHs were detected in all of the samples, with total concentrations between 390 and 6390 ng/g dry weight for the 27 PAHs analyzed and from 310 to 5120 ng/g dry weight for the sum of the 10 PAHs considered in the draft European Union directive.