Abstract
Sunflower appears as a potentially highly competitive crop, thanks to the diversification of its market and the richness of its oil. However, seed oil concentration (OC) – a commercial criterion for crushing industry – is subjected to genotypic and environmental effects that make it sometimes hardly predictable. It is assumed that more understanding of oil physiology combined with the use of crop models should permit to improve prediction and management of grain quality for various end-users. Main effects of temperature, water, nitrogen, plant density and fungal diseases were reviewed in this paper. Current generic and specific crop models which simulate oil concentration were found to be empirical and to lack of proper evaluation processes. Recently two modeling approaches integrating ecophysiological knowledge were developed by Andrianasolo (2014, Statistical and dynamic modelling of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grain composition as a function of agronomic and environmental factors, Ph.D. Thesis, INP Toulouse): (i) a statistical approach relating OC to a range of explanatory variables (potential OC, temperature, water and nitrogen stress indices, intercepted radiation, plant density) which resulted in prediction quality from 1.9 to 2.5 oil points depending on the nature of the models; (ii) a dynamic approach, based on “source-sink” relationships involving leaves, stems, receptacles (as sources) and hulls, proteins and oil (as sinks) and using priority rules for carbon and nitrogen allocation. The latter model reproduced dynamic patterns of all source and sink components faithfully, but tended to overestimate OC. A better description of photosynthesis and nitrogen uptake, as well as genotypic parameters is expected to improve its performance.
Highlights
IntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crop is mainly cultivated for its seeds (achenes) rich in oil used for human food (salad oil, frying oil, ready meals. . . ) and non-food outlets (biofuels, green chemistry. . . ) (Borredon et al, 2011; Jouffret et al, 2011)
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crop is mainly cultivated for its seeds rich in oil used for human food and non-food outlets (Borredon et al, 2011; Jouffret et al, 2011)
This paper provided an integrative view of the most determining factors of oil concentration in sunflower and the way to predict OC as a function of genotype, environment and management
Summary
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crop is mainly cultivated for its seeds (achenes) rich in oil used for human food (salad oil, frying oil, ready meals. . . ) and non-food outlets (biofuels, green chemistry. . . ) (Borredon et al, 2011; Jouffret et al, 2011). As grain yields are rather stable but at a low level, as sunflower growing areas are stagnating or decreasing in some major countries, increasing oil concentration has to be achieved to meet oil production requirements. In France (2001–2012), oil production fluctuated between 528.000 t and 644.000 t according to inter-annual variations in sunflower-sown areas, grain yields and oil concentrations (Prolea, 2012). Champolivier et al (2004) concluded to a higher gross margin for farmers when fitting N fertilization to plant requirements while cooperatives made more profit when recommending rich-oil cultivars. In this simulation-based study, a lower potential yield was assumed for the varieties rich in oil. Some basic physiological knowledge is required to better understand how and when determining factors influence oil content
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