Abstract
The cost of environmental degradation in Lebanon was estimated to be close to $485 million per year, or 2.9 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The large negative impacts of this degradation are the pollution occurring in urban area and is mainly caused by air pollution and with an average estimate of $145 million per year and around 0.87 percent of the GDP. This high air pollution is mostly linked to the transportation sector in Lebanon. Lebanon suffers from a daily increase in road network usage, which has resulted in gridlocks, especially in the greater Beirut area. By all means, the continued lack of policies and a political will to encourage the adoption of an efficient and reliable public transportation and to discourage the ownership of private vehicles have resulted in traffic growth that is faster than the road capacity. By all means, congestion is not a passing problem; it will continue to grow in the absence of measures to reduce traffic by adopting other modes of transportation, such as buses, trains, Trams, bicycles and others etc. This study describes the various factors that affect the costs associated with congestion, and provides well-defined methods for evaluating the corresponding costs.
Highlights
Introduction and BackgroundLebanon, a small developing country in the Middle East suffers from an inadequate transportation system
Most calculation of the value of time (VTT) evaluate the behavioral value of time-more efficient in modeling-but certain approaches evaluate the economic value of time
In this paper we will compute the Value of Travel Time (VTT) based on the approach that identify a considerable evidence confirming significant variation in the VTT in function of the purpose of the trip, the mode of travel and the level of congestion [13]
Summary
A small developing country in the Middle East suffers from an inadequate transportation system. The roads of Lebanon are badly maintained and poorly designed and the most exacerbated problem is that the transportation sector rely only on vehicles especially the private one which represent 88% from a total of 1.2 million automobile [1]. Lebanon is one of the countries that possess a very low vehicle occupancy of 1.2 compared to average standards for computing travel time reliability which is 1.7 [2]. Based on the Ministry of Environment (MoE), the supply branch in Lebanon covers around 1.4% of the total surface area. It consists of classified and non-classified roads. It consists of classified and non-classified roads. 30% are classified road which means they are under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MoPWT) and the other 70% are non-classified roads under the supervision of municipalities [3]
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