Abstract
Public Rural Advisory Services (RAS) have adapted to different socio-economic scenarios in politically diverse countries with the help of the third sector supporting dedicated RAS programmes. The Plantwise (PW) programme, led by the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI) and designed to increase food security in over 30 countries, is a good example of a public/NGO partnership, although recent evaluations have questioned its impacts on gendered agricultural information access. This study aims to investigate Plantwise’s gender impacts from individual and institutional viewpoints, interviewing smallholder farmers and extension staff involved in and outside of, the Plantwise programme in Bahawalpur and Jhang district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. This serves to highlight the programme’s impacts on systemic processes which ultimately have the potential to contribute to gender-transformative change and a more efficient and sustainable RAS. Results show differences between extension workers in a PW district and a non-PW district and between plant doctors and non-plant doctors in a PW district, though none were significant from a gendered perspective. There were interesting findings highlighting the plant clinic’s capacity as an agent of change but the low turnout of women at clinics did not reinforce the clinics’ capacity for change from a female perspective. Information from systemic, male and female-specific analyses are important to consider for PW from a practical perspective, such as the importance of spiritual locations. This study into the Pakistani PW initiative also offers an opportunity to contribute to the growing body of academic literature on the individual and institutional impacts of international development programmes, helping to understand wider aspects of international development involvement in RAS. From a practical perspective, this study also enables PW and other international development initiatives to better understand and interpret stakeholders’ perceptions, highlighting the importance of design and investment in participatory approaches to enable longer term impacts, especially focused on gender. It will also help the PW programme assess and understand implementation challenges in order to attain impact on the ground and be a driver of positive change in the country.
Highlights
National administrations around the world have championed the use of public Rural AdvisoryServices (RAS)—services that provide information and support to rural populations on a range of different social, economic and environmental subjects
This study aims to investigate Plantwise’s gender impacts from an individual and institutional viewpoint. It focuses on end-users and male and female service providers’ individual interactions from a gendered perspective. This serves to highlight their impacts on systemic processes which have the potential to contribute to gender-transformative change and a more efficient and sustainable Rural Advisory Services (RAS)
Having explored farmers’ perceptions of information access in a PW and non-PW district, this study focuses on the service provision; the direct providers of information, the extension workers working under the public rural advisory service body, Provincial Department of Extension and Adaptive Research (PDEAR)
Summary
National administrations around the world have championed the use of public Rural AdvisoryServices (RAS)—services that provide information and support to rural populations on a range of different social, economic and environmental subjects (adapted from GFRAS 2016; Leeuwis and Van den Ban 2004; Peterman et al 2011). In many commonwealth countries for example, rural advisory services have had to adapt from supporting export crops traditionally favoured by colonising countries, to focusing on serving large populations of smallholder agriculture since their independence to increase subsistence food production (Anderson and Feder 2004). This self-enforced national development engendered new challenges centred around the evolution of innovation diffusion processes and the communication services that support them, as well as a growing awareness of its impacts on society. In the mid to late twentieth Century, decision makers’ simplistic assumptions surrounding rural communities’
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