Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat is traditionally used as both medicine and food in China. In this study, extracts of C. morifolium Ramat Hang Ju No. 1 (No. 1) and No. 2 (No. 2) were produced using four different solvents: 95% ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and distilled water. In total, eight types of extracts were analyzed for extraction yields and total flavonoids, polyphenols, glycans, reducing sugars, and chlorogenic acids. The antioxidant capacities and tyrosinase-inhibitory activities of these extracts were also determined. Among them, the ethanolic extract of No. 1 (No. 1A) had the highest levels of total flavonoids (16.71 mg rutin equivalent/g dry weight (DW)), polyphenols (7.07 mg gallic acid equivalent/g DW), and chlorogenic acids (6595.46 μg/g DW) and the water extract of No. 1 (No. 1D) had the highest levels of total glycans (9.24 mg/g DW), and reducing sugars (23.32 μg/g DW). In terms of antioxidant capacity, No. 1A (1.0 mg/mL) demonstrated the best 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (96.2 ± 0.4%), ferrous ion chelating ability (55.44 ± 0.03%), and reducing power (0.988 ± 0.003). No. 1D (1.0 mg/mL) showed the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity (39.34 ± 0.03%). From these results, high levels of total flavonoids and polyphenols correlate with antioxidant capacity. Moreover, high levels of total chlorogenic acid in No. 1A and No. 1D correlate with high levels of tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Therefore, No. 1A has the potential to be used in daily health drinks, foods and skin whitening products. These results can be applied to similar flower plant extracts.
Highlights
Free radicals are chemical intermediates with single or multiple unpaired electrons and are active either as an atom, molecule, or ion
No 1 and No 2 powders were extracted with four different solvents each to obtain eight types of extracts
The extracts obtained with distilled water as the solvent had the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity, followed by ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane (Table 4). These results reveal a positive correlation (Table 5) (r = 0.6502), i.e., higher total chlorogenic acid content is associated with higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity
Summary
Free radicals are chemical intermediates with single or multiple unpaired electrons and are active either as an atom, molecule, or ion. Free radicals may directly cause DNA damage, mutation, and resulting cancers, as well as phosphate peroxidation of cell membranes, altering the fluid properties of cell membranes, damaging cellular integrity, or accelerating cell aging [2,3]. Studies have found that stress, radiation, trauma, disease, infection, or inflammation can result in accumulation of large amounts of free radicals after activation of the body’s defense system, which may attack healthy cells, trigger apoptosis, or cause cellular aging [2,3,4,5,6]
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