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Abstract
BackgroundIn animal research, authorities require a classification of anticipated pain levels and a perioperative analgesia protocol prior to approval of the experiments. However, data on this topic is rare and so is the reported use of analgesics. We determined surrogate parameters of pain and general well-being after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), as well as the potential for improvement by different systemic analgesia paradigms. Brain injury was induced by filament perforation to mimic SAH. Sham-operated mice were included as surgical control groups with either neck or no-neck preparation. Mice with controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury were included as a control group with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but without neck preparation. Mice were randomized to buprenorphine, carprofen, meloxicam, or vehicle treatment. 24 h after SAH, CCI or sham surgery, pain and stress levels were assessed with a visual assessment score and the amount of food intake was recorded.ResultsNeck preparation, which is required to expose the surgical field for SAH induction, already increased pain/stress levels and sham surgeries for both CCI and SAH reduced food intake. Pain/stress levels were higher and food intake was lower after SAH compared with CCI. Pain/stress levels after CCI without analgesic treatment were similar to levels after SAH sham surgery. Pain treatment with buprenorphine was effective to reduce pain after SAH, whereas lower pain/stress intensity levels after CCI were not improved.ConclusionThis study emphasizes the importance of pain and stress assessment after surgeries and the efficacy of buprenorphine to improve pain and comfort levels after experimental SAH.
Highlights
In animal research, authorities require a classification of anticipated pain levels and a perioperative analgesia protocol prior to approval of the experiments
Experimental groups subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) groups Mice were randomized to the following groups: treatment with buprenorphine (BUP, n = 8), carprofen (CAR, n = 8), meloxicam (MEL, n = 8), vehicle (VEH, n = 8), or sham-operation without analgesic treatment (SHAM, n = 5)
cortical impact (CCI) groups Mice were randomized to the following groups (n = 10/ group): treatment with buprenorphine (BUP), carprofen (CAR), meloxicam (MEL), vehicle (VEH), or sham-operation without analgesic treatment (SHAM)
Summary
Authorities require a classification of anticipated pain levels and a perioperative analgesia protocol prior to approval of the experiments. Data on this topic is rare and so is the reported use of analgesics. Sham-operated mice were included as surgical control groups with either neck or no-neck preparation. The study was designed to quantify perioperative pain and stress levels and to determine the best choice of three recommended systemic analgesic paradigms. For a better comparability perioperative pain and stress levels were determined after isolated brain injury by controlled cortical impact (CCI). Sham-operated mice were included as control groups for stress by the surgical procedure itself
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