Abstract
Abstract. Despite a large body of literature on microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in marine sediments and saline waters and its importance to the global methane (CH4) cycle, until recently little work has addressed the potential occurrence and importance of AOM in non-marine systems. This is particularly true for peatlands, which represent both a massive sink for atmospheric CO2 and a significant source of atmospheric CH4. Our knowledge of this process in peatlands is inherently limited by the methods used to study CH4 dynamics in soil and sediment and the assumption that there are no anaerobic sinks for CH4 in these systems. Studies suggest that AOM is CH4-limited and difficult to detect in potential CH4 production assays against a background of CH4 production. In situ rates also might be elusive due to background rates of aerobic CH4 oxidation and the difficulty in separating net and gross process rates. Conclusive evidence for the electron acceptor in this process has not been presented. Nitrate and sulfate are both plausible and favorable electron acceptors, as seen in other systems, but there exist theoretical issues related to the availability of these ions in peatlands and only circumstantial evidence suggests that these pathways are important. Iron cycling is important in many wetland systems, but recent evidence does not support the notion of CH4 oxidation via dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction or a CH4 oxidizing archaea in consortium with an Fe(III) reducer. Calculations based on published rates demonstrate that AOM might be a significant and underappreciated constraint on the global CH4 cycle, although much about the process is unknown, in vitro rates may not relate well to in situ rates, and projections based on those rates are fraught with uncertainty. We suggest electron transfer mechanisms, C flow and pathways, and quantifying in situ peatland AOM rates as the highest priority topics for future research.
Highlights
Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM; per Valentine, 2002) linked to microbial sulfate reduction (SR) is thought to consume most of the methane (CH4) produced in and diffusing through marine sediments (Reeburgh and Heggie, 1977; Valentine, 2002)
AOM is important to the present-day global CH4 cycle, and it has been suggested that AOM played a role in the rise of atmospheric O2 ∼2.4 Gyr ago (Catling et al, 2007)
Despite the global significance of AOM and considerable effort to identify the exact mechanisms and organism(s) involved in marine sediment AOM (e.g. Boetius et al, 2000; Hinrichs et al, 1999; Thomsen et al, 2001), much about the process and organisms responsible remains unclear and little is known about the occurrence and importance of the process in nonmarine systems
Summary
Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM; per Valentine, 2002) linked to microbial sulfate reduction (SR) is thought to consume most of the methane (CH4) produced in and diffusing through marine sediments (Reeburgh and Heggie, 1977; Valentine, 2002). Recent evidence presented by Smemo and Yavitt (2006, 2007) challenges this assumption and suggests a potentially important role for AOM in a variety of peatland ecosystems. They found that AOM occurs simultaneously with methanogenesis, can consume a significant amount of gross CH4 production, appears to depend upon CH4 accumulation to large concentrations in peat porewater, and can constrain atmospheric CH4 flux under certain conditions. We briefly review past evidence from marine and other freshwater systems to provide mechanistic insights into AOM in peatland ecosystems
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