Abstract
Anaerobes are the most predominant components of the bacterial flora of normal human skin and mucous membranes and are a frequent cause of endogenous bacterial infections. Anaerobic infections can occur in all body locations: the central nervous system, oral cavity, head and neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, skin, and soft tissues. Treatment of anaerobic infection is complicated by the slow growth of anaerobes in culture, by their polymicrobial nature, and by their growing resistance to antimicrobials. Antimicrobial therapy is frequently the only form of therapy needed, whereas in some patients it is an important adjunct to drainage and surgery. Because anaerobes are generally isolated mixed with aerobes, the antimicrobial chosen should provide for adequate coverage of both. The most effective antimicrobials against anaerobes are metronidazole, the carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, ertapenem), chloramphenicol, the combination of a penicillin and a β-lactamase inhibitors (ampicillin or ticarcillin plus clavulanate, amoxicillin plus sulbactam, piperacillin plus tazobactam), tigecycline, cefoxitin, and clindamycin. This review contains 4 figures, 9 tables, and 150 references. Key words: anaerobic bacteria, antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance, Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium spp, Fusobacterium spp, infection, Peptostreptococcus spp
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