Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) and Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball) Maire: Correlation between Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Chemically Characterized Extracts.

Fatima Zahra Jawhari,Youssef Elamine,Riaz Ullah,Hamza Saghrouchni,Essam Ezzeldin,Hamada Imtara,Amina Bari,Kenza Ammor,Abdelfattah E L Moussaoui,Gamal A E Mostafa,Mohammed Bourhia,Hayat Ouassou

doi:10.3390/plants10010149

Abstract

In this work, two varieties of Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) including Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) and Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball) Maire were evaluated for their mineral and chemical compositions, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities using hydroalcoholic extracts from their different parts (leaves, capitula, roots, and seeds). The phytochemical and mineral compositions were carried out using standard methods. The antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) tests. The antimicrobial activity was assayed using the agar diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration methods. The results of the chemical analysis showed that both varieties contained interesting mineral and chemical compositions with potentially active compounds; among them, N-isobutyl-2,4-heptadiene-6-monoynamide and cinnamic acid were detected in the Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) only while thiadiazolo [5,4-d] pyrimidin-7-amine and N-isobutyl-2,4-undecadiene-8,10-diynamide compounds were limited to the Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball) Maire. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the two varieties demonstrated that the different parts had prominent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed great similarity in the activity of the leaves, capitula, and seeds of both plants and a high difference in roots. Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum roots were characterized by a high content in phenols and flavonoids and better antibacterial activities compared to Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball) Maire roots, which were characterized by better antioxidant activities. From this study, it can be concluded that the two varieties of Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) showed promising mineral and chemical compositions with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Highlights

Knowledge of the healing properties of medicinal plants has been transmitted over the centuries within and among human communities
The results showed that the hydro-ethanol extracts of different parts of A. pyrethrum (L.) varieties have two aspects: pasty and powdery with two different colors
Based on the antioxidant activity evaluated by the DPPH test, we found that the Ff sample was the most active with IC50 of

Summary

Introduction

Knowledge of the healing properties of medicinal plants has been transmitted over the centuries within and among human communities. Bioactive compounds produced in plant species are usually responsible for their pharmacological properties such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities [1,2]. Fungi, and viruses are responsible for causing many infectious diseases [3]. Antimicrobial resistance has been observed with time, even though many modern antimicrobial drugs have been developed to manage contagious diseases. Oxidative stress occurs from the imbalance between the production of reactive species, and antioxidant defense activity is involved in several chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and neurodegenerative diseases [4]. Even though several studies have explored the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of natural compounds, a huge number of plants have not been investigated for their potential activities [5,6]

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