Anacardium occidentale leaves extract and riboceine mitigate hyperglycemia through anti-oxidative effects and modulation of some selected genes associated with diabetes.

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the leading causes of death globally and complications of DM have become a major health concern. Anacardium occidentale is a plant widely recognized for its hypoglycemic properties and traditionally used in developing nations as remedy for DM treatment. Riboceine is a supplement that enhances production of glutathione and known for its vital role in supporting cellular function. This study was designed to evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of riboceine and ethanolic extract of A. occidentale leaves in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Twenty-nine adult male Wistar rats were induced with DM intraperitoneally using a single dose of STZ (70mg/kg). The STZ-induced rats were divided into groups and administered the same dose (100mg/kg) of A. occidentale leaves extract and riboceine via gastric gavage at the dose (100mg/kg) for seventeen days while metformin (40mg/kg) was used as positive control. Fasting blood glucose and weight of the model rats were examined periodically. Activities of total protein,creatinine, urea, antioxidants (SOD, GSH and GPX), and level of serum insulin were determined. Expression of diabetes related genes including pancreas (Insulin, pdx-1, P16NK4A, and Mki-67), Liver (FAS, ACC, and GFAT) and KIM-1 genes were also determined. Data showed that treatment of STZ-induced diabeticrats with A. occidentale and riboceine at the same dose significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated hyperglycemic effects by improving hepatic and renal functions and antioxidants, preventing hepatic fat accumulation by downregulation of ACC, FAS and GFAT expression, improving β-cell functions through up-regulation of pancreatic insulin, P16NK4A, Mki-67 and pdx-1 expression. Induction of diabetes upregulated mRNA expression of KIM-1, which was ameliorated after treatment of the rats with A.occidentale and riboceine. The results obtained in this study demonstrate significant antidiabetic properties of ethanolic extract of A. occidentale and riboceine.