Anabolic steroids

Abstract

Anabolic steroids, also known as, anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are the endogenously or exogenously synthesized derivatives of the male sex hormones (androgens/testosterone) that enhance the anabolic effects of androgens and decrease or eliminate the androgenic effects. AASs are used widely by athletes and adolescents for aesthetic purposes and performance enhancers to increase lean body mass and muscle growth (Torrisi et al., 2020). The actions of anabolic steroids can be classified under two categories, androgenic (associated with masculinization such as growth of the testes, external genitalia, and the male accessory reproductive glands, deepening of the voice, hair growth, acne, and behavioral effects such as increased aggressiveness) and anabolic (associated with protein building in skeletal muscle and bone). Clinically anabolic steroids use has been indicated for treating renal failure, bone marrow failure, anemia, delayed puberty, and children with reduced growth. Testosterone preparations are used in male hypogonadism, hormone replacement therapy and as male contraception (Giannoulis et al., 2012). There are several adverse effects associated with the use of anabolic steroids. Anabolic steroids in males have been reported to reduce sperm production, cause testicular atrophy, impotence, temporary infertility, and irreversible gynecomastia. In women, anabolic steroids use is reported to cause changes in or cessation of menstrual cycle, increase in body hair, clitoral enlargement, decrease in breast size and body fat, deepening of voice, and decrease in scalp hair (baldness). Long term use of anabolic steroids has been reported to affect the cardiovascular and hepatic system (Golestani et al., 2012; Cittadini et al., 2022). These agents can increase bad cholesterol, induce high blood pressure, and enhance fluid retention. Anabolic steroids are controlled substances in several countries, including Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 1999, various governments, intergovernmental organizations, and other public and private bodies fighting against doping in human sport in concert with International Olympic Committee started the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). All the rules and detailed technical documents concerning anabolic steroids (and other drugs) are constantly evolving under WADA and up to date information can be found at the WADA web site (http: //www.wada-ama.org/en/).